Skip to main content
Log in

The Celtic Question: An Assessment of Identity Definition in the European Iron Age

  • Research
  • Published:
Archaeologies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The identity of the “Celts” has played an integral role in understandings of the Iron Age and the more recent socio-political history of Europe. However, the terms and attitudes which have been in place since the 19th century have created a field of research characterized by assumptions about a ‘people’ and a culture. Previous study of the “Celts” has been conducted in three main areas—genetics, linguistics, and material culture from the archaeological record. Through the reassessment of these three fields, substantial divergence in the patterns and trends between fields, as well as the highly regional nature of the evidence has been revealed within the vast interconnected trade and communication network that developed in Iron Age Europe. As a result, the unitary phenomenon identified under the term “Celts” is actually that network. This paper argues that “Celtic” should be redefined as the label for that trade and communication network, not as a label for a group, culture, or people, enabling the establishment of new identities for the regional populations of the European Iron Age.

Résumé

L’identité des « Celtes » a joué un rôle essentiel pour la compréhension de l’Âge du fer et de l’histoire sociopolitique plus récente de l’Europe. Toutefois, les termes et les attitudes utilisés depuis le XIXe siècle ont créé un domaine de recherche caractérisé par des hypothèses sur un « peuple » et une culture. Une précédente étude sur les « Celtes » a été réalisée dans trois domaines principaux: la génétique, la linguistique et la culture matérielle des données archéologiques. Grâce à une réévaluation de ces trois domaines, une divergence importante dans les caractéristiques et les tendances entre les domaines ainsi que l’aspect extrêmement régional des éléments d’information sont apparus dans le vaste réseau interconnecté et de commerce de communication qui s’est développée pendant l’Âge de fer en Europe. Il en résulte que le phénomène unitaire identifié sous le terme de « Celtes » est en réalité ce réseau. Cet article soutient que le terme « celtique » devrait être redéfini comme la dénomination pour ce réseau de commerce et de communication et non comme une dénomination pour un groupe, une culture ou un peuple, afin de permettre la création de nouvelles identités pour les populations régionales de l’Âge du fer en Europe.

Resumen

La identidad de los “Celtas” ha desempeñado un papel integral en la comprensión de la Edad de Hierro y de la historia sociopolítica más reciente de Europa. Sin embargo, los términos y actitudes que han existido desde el siglo XIX han creado un campo de investigación caracterizado por supuestos sobre un “pueblo” y una cultura. Se han realizado estudios previos de los “Celtas” en las tres áreas principales: genética, lingüística y cultura material a partir de los registros arqueológicos. Mediante la reevaluación de estos tres campos, se han revelado divergencias sustanciales en los patrones y tendencias entre los campos, así como también la naturaleza sumamente regional de las evidencias dentro de la vasta red interconectada de comercio y comunicación que se desarrolló en la Europa de la Edad de Hierro. Como resultado, el fenómeno unitario identificado bajo el término “Celtas” es realmente dicha red. El presente documento argumenta que debe redefinirse “Céltico” como la etiqueta para la red de comercio y comunicación, no como una etiqueta para un grupo, cultura o pueblo, permitiendo el establecimiento de nuevas identidades para las poblaciones regionales de la Edad de Hierro Europea.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Blečić Kavur, M. (2009) Universal and Original. Transformation of style in the North-Adriatic Region. In Keltske Študije II: Studies in Celtic Archaeology: Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin, edited by G Tiefengraber, B Kavur and A Gaspari, Éditions Monique MergoilMontagnac.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, D. G. (1995) Nationalism in Ireland, RoutledgeLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Collis, J. (1989) The European Iron Age, B.T Batsford LtdLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Collis, J. (2011) The Celts: Origins, Myths & Inventions, The History PressStroud.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunliffe, B. (1997) The Ancient Celts, Oxford Universtiy PressOxford.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunliffe, B. 2008. A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity. In Europa Day Conference. University of Oxford, Oxford: The Prehistoric Society.

  • Cunliffe, B. (2010) Celticization from the West: The Contribution of Archaeology. In Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature, edited by B Cunliffe and JT Koch, Oxbow BooksOxford.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunliffe, B. (2011) Europe Between the Oceans 9000 BC - AD 1000, Yale University PressNew Haven.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, R. B., Whitehead, N. L. (eds.) (2000) War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare, School of American Research PressSanta Fe.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Forster, P., Toth, A. 2003. Toward a Phylogenetic Chronology of Ancient Gaulish, Celtic, and Indo-European. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:9079–9084.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrow, D., Gosden, C. (2012) Technologies of Enchantment? Exploring Celtic Art: 400 BC to AD 100, Oxford University PressOxford.,

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. (1996) Celtic Art, Orion Publishing GroupLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, J. (1990) Warfare and Tribalization in the Prehistoric Southwest. The Anthropology of War, Cambridge University PressCambridge.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, D. W. (2007) The Archaeology of Celtic Art, RoutledgeAbingdon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, D. W. (2009) The Iron Age Round-House: Later Prehistoric Building in Britain and Beyond, Oxford University PressOxford.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattatt, R. (1985) Iron Age and Roman Brooches, Oxbow BooksOxford.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodson, F. 1964. Cultural Grouping Within the Pre-Roman British Iron Age. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 30:99–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, S. (1999) The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modern Invention? The University of Wisconsin PressMadison.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, J. T. 2009. A case for Tartessian as a Celtic Languague. Palaeohispanica 9:339–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, J. T. (2010) Paradigm Shift? Interpreting Tartessian as Celtic. In Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature, edited by B Cunliffe and JT Koch, Oxbow BooksOxford.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Laing, L. (1979) Celtic Britain, Routledge & Kegan PaulLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy, B., Richards, M., Forster, P., Bradley, D. G. 2004. The Longue Durée of Genetic Ancestry: Multiple Genetic Marker Systems and Celtic Origins on the Atlantic Facade of Europe. The American Journal of Human Genetics 75:693–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Megaw, R., Megaw, V. (2005) Early Celtic Art in Britain and Ireland, Shire ArchaeologyPrinces Risborough.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, R., Steuer, H. (eds.) (1994) Fibel und Fibeltracht, Walter de Gruyter GmbHBerlin.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, D. (1984) The Basis of Contact between Britan and Gaul in the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age. In Cross-Channel Trade Between Gaul and Britain in the Pre-Roman Iron Age, edited by S Macready and FH Thompson, Thames and HudsonLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer, S. (2007) The Origins of the British, RobinsonLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, D. N. (2010) Tracking the Course of the Savage Tongue: Place-names and Linguistic Diffusion in Early Britain. In Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature, edited by B Cunliffeand JT Koch, Oxbow BooksOxford.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, C. (1993) The Roots of Ethnicity: Archaeology, Genetics and the Origins of Europe, Unione Internazionale degli Istituti di Archeologia Storia e Storia dell’Arte in RomaRome.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Roymans, N. (2004) Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire, Amsterdam University PressAmsterdam.,

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, P. (1995) An Introduction to the Celtic Languages, LongmanNew York.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims-Williams, P. 1998. Celtomania and Celtoscepticism. Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 36:1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims-Williams, P. (2006) Ancient Celtic place-names in Europe and Asia Minor. Blackwell PublishingOxford.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, B. (2006) Blood of the Isles: Exploring the Genetic Roots of Our Tribal History, Bantam PressLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, P. S. (2001) The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe, Princeton University PressPrinceton.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, P. S. (2002) The Iron Age. In European Prehistory: A Survey, edited by S Milisauskas, Kluwer Academic PublishersNew York.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, P. S. (2004) Beyond Celts, Germans and Scythians: Archaeology and Identity in Iron Age Europe, Gerald Duckworth & CoLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, P. S. (2012) How Ancient Europeans Saw the World: Vision, Patterns and the Shaping of the Mind in Prehistoric Times, University PressPrinceton.,

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. F., Weiss, D. A., Thomas, M. G., Bradman, N., Goldstein, D. B., Richards, M. 2001. Genetic Evidence for Different Male and Female Roles During Cultural Transitions in the British Isles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:5078–5083.,

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my everlasting thanks first and foremost to my supervisor, Professor Roland Fletcher, for everything he has done to help my honors thesis, from which this derives, come to fruition. Also to my close group of University of Sydney archaeology colleagues for their support and friendship throughout. Finally, many thanks to the NASC organizers and committee as well as Archaeologies Journal for this opportunity.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harriet Donnelly.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Donnelly, H. The Celtic Question: An Assessment of Identity Definition in the European Iron Age. Arch 11, 272–299 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-015-9276-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-015-9276-9

Key words

Navigation