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Isoprenoids: Remarkable diversity of form and function

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  • Published:
Lipids

Abstract

The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway is the source of a wide array of products. The pathway has been highly conserved throughout evolution, and isoprenoids are some of the most ancient biomolecules ever identified, playing key roles in many life forms. In this review we focus on C-10 mono-, C-15 sesqui-, and C-20 diterpenes. Evidence for interconversion between the pathway intermediates farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranly pyrophosphate and their respective metabolites is examined. The diverse functions of these molecules are discussed in detail, including their ability to regulate expression of the β-HMG-CoA reductase and Ras-related proteins. Additional topics include the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effects of select isoprenoids, antiulcer activities, and the disposition and degradation of isoprenoids in the environment. Finally, the significance of pharmacological manipulation of the isoprenoid pathway and clinical correlations are discussed.

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Abbreviations

CPT:

cholinephosphotransferase

DMAPP:

dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

DOXP:

deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate

DXPS:

deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase

FOH:

farnesol

FPP:

farnesyl pyrophosphate

FPPase:

farnesyl pyrophosphatase

FPTase:

farnesyl protein transferase

FXR:

farnesoid X receptor

GGA:

geranylgeranylacetone

GGOH:

geranylgeraniol

GGPP:

geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate

GGPTase:

geranylgeranyl protein transferase

GOH:

geraniol

GPP:

geranyl pyrophosphate

HIDS:

hyper-IgD and periodic fever syndrome

HMGR:

HMG-CoA reductase

IDS:

isoprenyl diphosphate synthases

IPP:

isopentenyl pyrophosphate

JH:

juvenile hormone

LXR:

liver X receptor

MA:

mevalonic aciduria

MK:

mevalonate kinase

PKC:

protein kinase C

PPAR:

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

RAR:

retinoic acid receptor

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

RXR:

retinoid X receptor

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  1. Department of Internal Medicine, C32 GH, University of Iowa, 52242, Iowa City, IA

    Sarah A. Holstein & Raymond J. Hohl

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  1. Sarah A. Holstein
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  2. Raymond J. Hohl
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Correspondence to Raymond J. Hohl.

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Holstein, S.A., Hohl, R.J. Isoprenoids: Remarkable diversity of form and function. Lipids 39, 293–309 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-004-1233-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-004-1233-3

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