References
Violi F, Corazza RG, Caldwell SH, Perticone F, Gatta A, Angelico M, Farcomeni A, Masotti M, Napoleone L, Vestri A, Raparelli V, Basili S, Collaborators P-L (2016) Portal vein thrombosis relevance on liver cirrhosis: italian Venous Thrombotic Events Registry. Intern Emerg Med. doi:10.1007/s11739-016-1416-8
Fimognari FL, Violi F (2008) Portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. Intern Emerg Med 3(3):213–218. doi:10.1007/s11739-008-0128-0
DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G, American Association for the Study Liver Diseases (2009) Vascular disorders of the liver. Hepatology 49(5):1729–1764. doi:10.1002/hep.22772
Senzolo M, Riggio O, Primignani M, Italian Association for the Study of the Liver ad hoc (2011) Vascular disorders of the liver: recommendations from the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF) ad hoc committee. Dig Liver Dis 43(7):503–514. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2010.11.006
Stine JG, Shah PM, Cornella SL, Rudnick SR, Ghabril MS, Stukenborg GJ, Northup PG (2015) Portal vein thrombosis, mortality and hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. World J Hepatol 7(27):2774–2780. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i27.2774
Qi X, De Stefano V, Li H, Dai J, Guo X, Fan D (2015) Anticoagulation for the treatment of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Intern Med 26(1):23–29. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2014.12.002
Delgado MG, Seijo S, Yepes I, Achecar L, Catalina MV, Garcia-Criado A, Abraldes JG, de la Pena J, Banares R, Albillos A, Bosch J, Garcia-Pagan JC (2012) Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation on patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10(7):776–783. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.01.012
Chung JW, Kim GH, Lee JH, Ok KS, Jang ES, Jeong SH, Kim JW (2014) Safety, efficacy, and response predictors of anticoagulation for the treatment of nonmalignant portal-vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: a propensity score matching analysis. Clin Mol Hepatol 20(4):384–391. doi:10.3350/cmh.2014.20.4.384
Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ, Nelson ME, Wells PS, Gould MK, Dentali F, Crowther M, Kahn SR, American College of Chest Physicians (2012) Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e419S–e494S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2301
de Franchis R, Baveno VIF (2015) Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol 63(3):743–752. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.022
De Stefano V, Martinelli I (2010) Splanchnic vein thrombosis: clinical presentation, risk factors and treatment. Intern Emerg Med 5(6):487–494. doi:10.1007/s11739-010-0413-6
Haas CE, Nelsen JL, Raghavendran K, Mihalko W, Beres J, Ma Q, Forrest A (2005) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enoxaparin in multiple trauma patients. J Trauma 59(6):1336–1343 (discussion 1343–1334)
Arjal R, Trotter JF (2009) International normalized ratio of prothrombin time in the model for end-stage liver disease score: an unreliable measure. Clin Liver Dis 13(1):67–71. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2008.09.009
Finazzi G, Ageno W (2016) Direct oral anticoagulants in rare venous thrombosis. Intern Emerg Med 11(2):167–170. doi:10.1007/s11739-016-1398-6
Potze W, Arshad F, Adelmeijer J, Blokzijl H, van den Berg AP, Porte RJ, Lisman T (2013) Routine coagulation assays underestimate levels of antithrombin-dependent drugs but not of direct anticoagulant drugs in plasma from patients with cirrhosis. Br J Haematol 163(5):666–673. doi:10.1111/bjh.12593
Hu TY, Vaidya VR, Asirvatham SJ (2016) Reversing anticoagulant effects of novel oral anticoagulants: role of ciraparantag, andexanet alfa, and idarucizumab. Vasc Health Risk Manag 12:35–44. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S89130
Aslan AN, Sari C, Bastug S, Sari SO, Akcay M, Durmaz T, Bozkurt E (2016) Severe jaundice due to intrahepatic cholestasis after initiating anticoagulation with rivaroxaban. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 27(2):226–227. doi:10.1097/MBC.0000000000000442
Anastasia EJ, Rosenstein RS, Bergsman JA, Parra D (2015) Use of apixaban after development of suspected rivaroxaban-induced hepatic steatosis; a case report. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 26(6):699–702. doi:10.1097/MBC.0000000000000363
Liakoni E, Ratz Bravo AE, Terracciano L, Heim M, Krahenbuhl S (2014) Symptomatic hepatocellular liver injury with hyperbilirubinemia in two patients treated with rivaroxaban. JAMA Intern Med 174(10):1683–1686. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.3912
Russmann S, Niedrig DF, Budmiger M, Schmidt C, Stieger B, Hurlimann S, Kullak-Ublick GA (2014) Rivaroxaban postmarketing risk of liver injury. J Hepatol 61(2):293–300. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.026
Watkins PB, Desai M, Berkowitz SD, Peters G, Horsmans Y, Larrey D, Maddrey W (2011) Evaluation of drug-induced serious hepatotoxicity (eDISH): application of this data organization approach to phase III clinical trials of rivaroxaban after total hip or knee replacement surgery. Drug Saf 34(3):243–252. doi:10.2165/11586600-000000000-00000
Bondarenko M, Curti C, Montana M, Rathelot P, Vanelle P (2013) Efficacy and toxicity of factor Xa inhibitors. J Pharm Pharm Sci 16(1):74–88
Baig M, Wool KJ, Halanych JH, Sarmad RA (2015) Acute liver failure after initiation of rivaroxaban: a case report and review of the literature. N Am J Med Sci 7(9):407–410. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.166221
Caldeira D, Barra M, Ferreira A, Rocha A, Augusto A, Pinto FJ, Costa J, Ferreira JJ (2015) Systematic review with meta-analysis: the risk of major gastrointestinal bleeding with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 42(11–12):1239–1249. doi:10.1111/apt.13412
Loffredo L, Perri L, Violi F (2015) Impact of new oral anticoagulants on gastrointestinal bleeding in atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of interventional trials. Dig Liver Dis 47(5):429–431. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2015.01.159
Chan EW, Lau WC, Leung WK, Mok MT, He Y, Tong TS, Wong IC (2015) Prevention of dabigatran-related gastrointestinal bleeding with gastroprotective agents: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 149(3):586–595 e583. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.002
Caldeira D, Barra M, Santos AT, de Abreu D, Pinto FJ, Ferreira JJ, Costa J (2014) Risk of drug-induced liver injury with the new oral anticoagulants: systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 100(7):550–556. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305288
Lenz K, Dieplinger B, Buder R, Piringer P, Rauch M, Voglmayr M (2014) Successful treatment of partial portal vein thrombosis (PVT) with low dose rivaroxaban. Z Gastroenterol 52(10):1175–1177. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1385171
Pannach S, Babatz J, Beyer-Westendorf J (2013) Successful treatment of acute portal vein thrombosis with rivaroxaban. Thromb Haemost 110(4):626–627. doi:10.1160/TH13-05-0407
Intagliata NM, Maitland H, Northup PG, Caldwell SH (2015) Treating thrombosis in cirrhosis patients with new oral agents: ready or not? Hepatology 61(2):738–739. doi:10.1002/hep.27225
Martinez M, Tandra A, Vuppalanchi R (2014) Treatment of acute portal vein thrombosis by nontraditional anticoagulation. Hepatology 60(1):425–426. doi:10.1002/hep.26998
Intagliata NM, Henry ZH, Maitland H, Shah NL, Argo CK, Northup PG, Caldwell SH (2016) Direct oral anticoagulants in cirrhosis patients pose similar risks of bleeding when compared to traditional anticoagulation. Dig Dis Sci. doi:10.1007/s10620-015-4012-2
Graff J, Harder S (2013) Anticoagulant therapy with the oral direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban and the thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate in patients with hepatic impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet 52(4):243–254. doi:10.1007/s40262-013-0034-0
Potze W, Adelmeijer J, Lisman T (2015) Decreased in vitro anticoagulant potency of rivaroxaban and apixaban in plasma from patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 61(4):1435–1436. doi:10.1002/hep.27350
Kubitza D, Roth A, Becka M, Alatrach A, Halabi A, Hinrichsen H, Mueck W (2013) Effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of rivaroxaban, an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor. Br J Clin Pharmacol 76(1):89–98. doi:10.1111/bcp.12054
Potze W, Arshad F, Adelmeijer J, Blokzijl H, van den Berg AP, Meijers JC, Porte RJ, Lisman T (2014) Differential in vitro inhibition of thrombin generation by anticoagulant drugs in plasma from patients with cirrhosis. PLoS One 9(2):e88390. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088390
Ageno W, Riva N, Schulman S, Beyer-Westendorf J, Bang SM, Senzolo M, Grandone E, Pasca S, Di Minno MN, Duce R, Malato A, Santoro R, Poli D, Verhamme P, Martinelli I, Kamphuisen P, Oh D, D’Amico E, Becattini C, De Stefano V, Vidili G, Vaccarino A, Nardo B, Di Nisio M, Dentali F (2015) Long-term clinical outcomes of splanchnic vein thrombosis: results of an International Registry. JAMA Intern Med 175(9):1474–1480. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3184
Riva N, Ageno W, Poli D, Testa S, Rupoli S, Santoro R, Lerede T, Piana A, Carpenedo M, Nicolini A, Ferrini PM, Tosetto A, Italian Federation of Anticoagulation Clinics (FCSA) (2015) Safety of vitamin K antagonist treatment for splanchnic vein thrombosis: a multicenter cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 13(6):1019–1027. doi:10.1111/jth.12930
Ageno W, Riva N, Schulman S, Bang SM, Sartori MT, Grandone E, Beyer-Westendorf J, Barillari G, Di Minno MN, Dentali F, IRSVT Study Group (2014) Antithrombotic treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis: results of an international registry. Semin Thromb Hemost 40(1):99–105. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363473
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Dr. Aaron Liew perceives no conflict of interest with this manuscript but has participated in Advisory Boards for Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Janssen. He has previously received educational and research support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Daichii Sankyo, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis and Medtronic. Dr. James Douketis perceives no conflict of interest with this manuscript but has participated in Advisory Boards or Educational Activities for Bayer, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Sanofi, Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Pfizer, Biotie, Portola, The Medicines and Daiichi-Sankyo. He also participated as a consultant to Actelion, AGEN Biomedical, Ortho-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer-Ingelheim and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. He has previously received grant support from Boehringer-Ingelheim.
Statement of human and animal rights
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liew, A., Douketis, J. Portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: underdiagnosis and undertreatment?. Intern Emerg Med 11, 1037–1040 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-016-1463-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-016-1463-1