Abstract
A mathematical model was developed for the germanium-facilitated transport from a medium containing tartaric acid using Alamine 336 as a carrier. Modeling was carried out based on the extraction constant (K ext) obtained from the liquid–liquid extraction (LLX) modeling. The LLX data were achieved from experiments with conditions being Alamine 336 concentrations of 0.1–10% v/v from a solution containing about 1.378 mmol/L Ge (100 mg/L) and tartaric acid as an anionic complexant. The LLX model was attained using the equilibrium-based procedure and fitted to extraction experimental data for various carrier concentrations. This model presented an accurate extraction constant (K ext = 0.02) used in the facilitated transport modeling. The flat sheet supported liquid membrane (FSSLM) experiments were conducted in the condition of 1.378 mmol/L Ge (100 mg/L), tartaric acid concentration of 2.760 mmol/L, 1 M HCl as a stripping phase and various Alamine 336 concentrations in the range of 0–35% v/v. The FSSLM model was developed according to the Fick’s law, the diffusional transport, and equilibrium equations. According to the model, mass transfer and diffusion coefficients for various concentrations of the carrier were found. In addition, the calculated and experimental values had a good correlation with together showing the validity of the model. This model can be used in the further process simulation such as hollow fiber SLMs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguilar JC, Sánchez-Castellanos M, de San Miguel ER, de Gyves J (2001) Cd(II) and Pb(II) extraction and transport modeling in SLM and PIM systems using Kelex 100 as carrier. J Membr Sci 190:107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00433-1
Alguacil FJ, Alonso M (2005) Description of transport mechanism during the elimination of copper(II) from wastewaters using supported liquid membranes and Acorga M5640 as carrier. Environ Sci Technol 39:2389–2393
Alguacil FJ, Alonso M, Sastre AM (2001a) Modelling of mass transfer in facilitated supported liquid membrane transport of copper(II) using MOC-55 TD in Iberfluid. J Membr Sci 184:117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00614-1
Alguacil FJ, Coedo A, Dorado M, Padilla I (2001b) Phosphine oxide mediate transport: modelling of mass transfer in supported liquid membrane transport of gold(III) using Cyanex 923. Chem Eng Sci 56:3115–3122
Alguacil FJ, Alonso M, Sastre A (2005) Facilitated supported liquid membrane transport of gold(I) and gold(III) using Cyanex® 921. J Membr Sci 252:237–244
Alonso AI, Urtiaga AM, Irabien A, Ortiz MI (1994) Extraction of Cr(VI) with Aliquat 336 in hollow fiber contactors: mass transfer analysis and modeling. Chem Eng Sci 49:901–909
Alonso M, López-Delgado A, Sastre AM, Alguacil FJ (2006) Kinetic modelling of the facilitated transport of cadmium(II) using Cyanex 923 as ionophore. Chem Eng J 118:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2006.02.006
Ammari Allahyari S, Minuchehr A, Ahmadi SJ, Charkhi A (2016) Th(IV) transport from nitrate media through hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane. J Membr Sci 520:374–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.08.009
Ata ON (2007) Mathematical modelling of unsteady-state transport of metal ions through supported liquid membrane. Hydrometallurgy 87:148–156
Bachmann RT, Wiemken D, Tengkiat AB, Wilichowski M (2010) Feasibility study on the recovery of hexavalent chromium from a simulated electroplating effluent using Alamine 336 and refined palm oil. Sep Purif Technol 75:303–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.08.019
Baes CF, Mesmer RS (1977) The Hydrolysis of Cations Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische. Chemie 81:245–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19770810252
Benzal G, Kumar A, Delshams A, Sastre AM (2004) Mathematical modelling and simulation of cotransport phenomena through flat sheet-supported liquid membranes. Hydrometallurgy 74:117–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.01.005
Bhatluri KK, Manna MS, Ghoshal AK, Saha P (2015) Supported liquid membrane based removal of lead (II) and cadmium (II) from mixed feed: conversion to solid waste by precipitation. J Hazard Mater 299:504–512
Boateng DAD, Neudorf DA, Saleh VN (1990) Recovery of germanium from aqueous solutions by solvent extraction. US Patent 4,915,919, 10 Apr 1990
Bringas E, San Román MF, Ortiz I (2006) Separation and recovery of anionic pollutants by the emulsion pertraction technology. Remediation of polluted groundwaters with Cr(VI). Ind Eng Chem Res 45:4295–4303. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie051418e
Buachuang D, Ramakul P, Leepipatpiboon N, Pancharoen U (2011) Mass transfer modeling on the separation of tantalum and niobium from dilute hydrofluoric media through a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane. J Alloy Compd 509:9549–9557
Campderros ME, Marchese J (1994) Membrane transport of cobalt, copper and nickel with trioctyl amine. Indian J Chem Technol 1:35–39
Campderrós ME, Marchese J (2001) Transport of niobium(V) through a TBP–Alamine 336 supported liquid membrane from chloride solutions. Hydrometallurgy 61:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(01)00165-7
Castillo E, Granados M, Cortina JL (2002) Liquid-supported membranes in chromium(VI) optical sensing: transport modelling. Anal Chim Acta 464:197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00473-7
Chaturabul S, Srirachat W, Wannachod T, Ramakul P, Pancharoen U, Kheawhom S (2015) Separation of mercury(II) from petroleum produced water via hollow fiber supported liquid membrane and mass transfer modeling. Chem Eng J 265:34–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.12.034
Clark ER (1959) Interaction between organic hydroxy acids and germanic acid in aqueous solution. Nature 183:536–537
Clark ER, Waddams JA (1957) Interaction between organic hydroxy acids and silicic and germanic acids in aqueous solutions. Nature 180:904–905
Danesi PR (1984) A simplified model for the coupled transport of metal ions through hollow-fiber supported liquid membranes. J Membr Sci 20:231–248
Duan H, Wang S, Yang X, Yuan X, Zhang Q, Huang Z, Guo H (2017a) Simultaneous separation of copper from nickel in ammoniacal solutions using supported liquid membrane containing synergistic mixture of M5640 and TRPO. Chem Eng Res Des 117:460–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2016.11.003
Duan H, Yuan X, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Huang Z, Guo H, Yang X (2017b) Separation of Ni2+ from ammonia solution through a supported liquid membrane impregnated with Acorga M5640. Chem Pap 71:597–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-016-0041-3
El Aamrani F, Kumar A, Beyer L, Cortina J, Sastre A (1998) Uphill permeation model of gold(III) and its separation from base metals using thiourea derivatives as ionophores across a liquid membrane. Hydrometallurgy 50:315–330
El Aamrani F, Kumar A, Sastre A (1999) Kinetic modelling of the active transport of copper(II) across liquid membranes using thiourea derivatives immobilized on microporous hydrophobic supports. New J Chem 23:517–523. https://doi.org/10.1039/A901203F
Everest DA, Harrison JC (1960) 747. The chemistry of quadrivalent germanium. Part VIII. Complexes of germanium with tartaric, lactic, and mucic acid. J Chem Soc (Resumed):3752-3758. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9600003752
Fortuny A, Coll MT, Kedari CS, Sastre AM (2014) Effect of phase modifiers on boron removal by solvent extraction using 1,3 diolic compounds. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 89:858–865. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4322
Gherrou A, Kerdjoudj H, Molinari R, Drioli E (2001) Modelization of the transport of silver and copper in acidic thiourea medium through a supported liquid membrane. Desalination 139:317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00325-3
Hiss TG, Cussler EL (1973) Diffusion in high viscosity liquids. AIChE J 19:698–703. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690190404
Hosseini SS, Bringas E, Tan NR, Ortiz I, Ghahramani M, Shahmirzadi MAA (2016) Recent progress in development of high performance polymeric membranes and materials for metal plating wastewater treatment. J Water Process Eng 9:78–110
Jahanmahin O, Montazer Rahmati MM, Mohammadi T, Babaee J, Khosravi A (2016) Cr(VI) ion removal from artificial waste water using supported liquid membrane. Chem Pap 70:913–925. https://doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2016-0027
Janjam SVSB, Peddeti S, Roy D, Babu SV (2008) Tartaric acid as a complexing agent for selective removal of tantalum and copper in CMP. Electrochem Solid State Lett 11:H327–H330. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2980345
Kalachev AA, Kardivarenko LM, Platé NA, Bagreev VV (1992) Facilitated diffusion in immobilized liquid membranes: experimental verification of the “jumping” mechanism and percolation threshold in membrane transport. J Membr Sci 75:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(92)80001-Z
Kaya A, Alpoguz HK, Yilmaz A (2013) Application of Cr(VI) transport through the Polymer inclusion membrane with a new synthesized Calix[4]arene derivative. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:5428–5436. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie303257w
Kaya A, Onac C, Alpoguz HK (2016) A novel electro-driven membrane for removal of chromium ions using polymer inclusion membrane under constant DC electric current. J Hazard Mater 317:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.047
Kolev SD, St John AM, Cattrall RW (2013) Mathematical modeling of the extraction of uranium(VI) into a polymer inclusion membrane composed of PVC and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid. J Membr Sci 425–426:169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.08.050
Kumar A, Sastre A (2000) Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane for the separation/concentration of gold(I) from aqueous cyanide media: modeling and mass transfer evaluation. Ind Eng Chem Res 39:146–154
Lantto J (2015) Analytical model of mass transfer through supported liquid membranes. KTH University, Stockholm
Liang J, Fan L, Xu K, Huang Y (2012) Study on extracting of Germanium with trioctylamine. Energy Procedia 17:1965–1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.02.340
Liu F, Yang Y, Lu Y, Shang K, Lu W, Zhao X (2010) Extraction of Germanium by the AOT Microemulsion with N235 System. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:10005–10008. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie100963t
Marchese J, Campderrós M, Acosta A (1995) Transport and separation of cobalt, nickel and copper ions with alamine liquid membranes. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 64:293–297
Marchese J, Valenzuela F, Basualto C, Acosta A (2004) Transport of molybdenum with Alamine 336 using supported liquid membrane. Hydrometallurgy 72:309–317
Marinova M, Albet J, Molinier J, Kyuchoukov G (2005) Specific influence of the modifier (1-decanol) on the extraction of tartaric acid by different extractants. Ind Eng Chem Res 44:6534–6538
Martsinko EE, Seifullina II, Minacheva LK, Pesaroglo AG, Sergienko VS (2008) Synthesis, properties, and molecular and crystal structure of diantipyrylmethanium Bis(μ-tartrato)dihydroxydigermanate(IV) tetrahydrate (HDAm)2[Ge2(μ-L)2(OH)2]·4H2O. Russ J Inorg Chem 53:1694–1702. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036023608110053
Mattock G (1954) The complex-forming behaviour of tin, germanium, and titanium with some dibasic carboxylic acids. J Chem Soc (Resumed):989–997. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9540000989
Mokhtarani B, Khormaei H, Amini MH, Mortaheb HR (2015) Experimental Study on performance of modified hybrid liquid membrane process for removal of cadmium from wastewater. J Chem Petroleum Eng 48:109–118
Nakamura S, Akiba K (1989) Transport of Europium through supported liquid membrane containing dihexyl-N, N-diethylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate. Sep Sci Technol 24:1317–1328. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496398908050653
Peydayesh M, Esfandyari GR, Mohammadi T, Alamdari EK (2013) Pertraction of cadmium and zinc ions using a supported liquid membrane impregnated with different carriers. Chem Pap 67:389–397. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0310-3
Pflugmacher A, Rohrmann I (1957) Über Komplexverbindungen des Germaniums mit organischen Hydroxysäuren. Angew Chem 69:778–7781. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.19570692404
Pokrovski GS, Schott J (1998) Experimental study of the complexation of silicon and germanium with aqueous organic species: implications for germanium and silicon transport and Ge/Si ratio in natural waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:3413–3428. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00249-X
Pokrovski GS, Martin F, Hazemann J-L, Schott J (2000) An X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy study of germanium-organic ligand complexes in aqueous solution. Chem Geol 163:151–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00102-3
Prakorn R, Weerawat P, Ura P (2006) Mass transfer modeling of membrane carrier system for extraction of Ce(IV) from sulfate media using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane. Korean J Chem Eng 23:85–92
Prapasawat T, Ramakul P, Satayaprasert C, Pancharoen U, Lothongkum AW (2008) Separation of As (III) and As (V) by hollow fiber supported liquid membrane based on the mass transfer theory. Korean J Chem Eng 25:158–163
Prasad R, Sirkar K (1988) Dispersion-free solvent extraction with microporous hollow-fiber modules. AIChE J 34:177–188
Rathore NS, Leopold A, Pabby AK, Fortuny A, Coll MT, Sastre AM (2009) Extraction and permeation studies of Cd(II) in acidic and neutral chloride media using Cyanex 923 on supported liquid membrane. Hydrometallurgy 96:81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.08.009
Sastre AM, Madi A, Alguacil FJ (2000) Facilitated supported liquid-membrane transport of gold(I) using LIX 79 in cumene. J Membr Sci 166:213–219
Sergienko VS, Minacheva LK, Churakov AV (2010) Specific features of the structure of germanium(IV) complexes with polybasic acids. Russ J Inorg Chem 55:2001–2030. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0036023610130012
Swain B, Jeong J, J-c Lee, Lee G-H (2007) Extraction of Co(II) by supported liquid membrane and solvent extraction using Cyanex 272 as an extractant: a comparison study. J Membr Sci 288:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.11.012
Ura P, Prakorn R, Weerawat P, Milan H (2006) Feasibility study on the separation of uranium and thorium by a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane and mass transfer modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 12:673
Valdés H, Romero J, Sanchez J, Bocquet S, Rios GM, Valenzuela F (2009) Characterization of chemical kinetics in membrane-based liquid–liquid extraction of molybdenum(VI) from aqueous solutions. Chem Eng J 151:333–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.04.012
Valenzuela F, Vega M, Yanez M, Basualto C (2002) Application of a mathematical model for copper permeation from a Chilean mine water through a hollow fiber-type supported liquid membrane. J Membr Sci 204:385–400
Vartapetian O (1957) Contribution a` l’e´tude des complexes du germanium et de quelques acides a-alcools. Ann Chem 2:917–965
Wang D, Chen Q, Hu J, Fu M, Luo Y (2015) High flux recovery of copper (II) from ammoniacal solution with stable sandwich supported liquid membrane. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:4823–4831
Wannachod T, Leepipatpiboon N, Pancharoen U, Nootong K (2014) Separation and mass transport of Nd(III) from mixed rare earths via hollow fiber supported liquid membrane: experiment and modeling. Chem Eng J 248:158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.024
Yang Q, Kocherginsky N (2007) Copper removal from ammoniacal wastewater through a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane system: modeling and experimental verification. J Membr Sci 297:121–129
Zoecklein BW, Fugelsang KC, Gump BH, Nury FS, Gump BH, Nury FS (1990) Tartaric acid and its salts. In: Zoecklein BW, Fugelsang KC (eds) Production wine analysis. Springer, Boston, pp 289–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8146-8_13
Acknowledgements
This research has been conducted in the laboratory of Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Vilanova i la Geltrú Campus, Spain. The authors wish to thank all staffs for their help and suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kamran Haghighi, H., Irannajad, M., Fortuny, A. et al. Mathematical modeling for facilitated transport of Ge(IV) through supported liquid membrane containing Alamine 336. Chem. Pap. 72, 955–970 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-017-0332-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-017-0332-3