Abstract
Chicken waste which mainly contains skin and depot fat can be used for extraction of edible fat. In this study physicochemical properties of chicken waste and its fat was determined. The content of fat, moisture, protein and ash in chicken waste was 38.92, 50.78, 8.93 and 1.28 %, respectively. Chicken waste fat (CWF) contained palmitic acid as the main saturated fatty acid and oleic and linoleic acid as the main unsaturated fatty acids. It contained considerably lower saturated fatty acids than beef tallow, lard and palm oil. The fatty acid composition of CWF was very similar to that of rice bran oil. CWF contained lower level of cholesterol (780 ppm) than tallow and lard. Phosphorus level of CWF was much lower than vegetable oils and it may be refined without degumming. The iron content of the CWF, however, was much higher than that reported for vegetable oils, which necessitates a careful bleaching of the fat. Iodine value and refractive index of CWF were lower than tallow, lard and palm oil but higher than that of cottonseed and rice bran oil. Free fatty acid content (0.62 %) and peroxide value (1.84 meq/kg) were found to be at acceptable levels. Melting point and solid fat content (SFC) of CWF at 10–35 °C were lower than those reported for tallow, lard and palm oil. CWF can be used for production of soft tub margarine and vanaspati.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D. Barker, J. Lankhaar, P. Stals, Primary processing of poultry, in Poultry meat processing and quality, ed. by G.C. Mead (Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2004), p. 90
FAOSTAT, Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, statistics division. (FAO, 2014), http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/browse/Q/QL/E. Accessed 30 September 2014
E. Arnaud, P. Relkin, M. Pina, A. Collignan, Characterization of chicken fat dry fractionation at the pilot scale. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 106(9), 591–598 (2004)
S. Barbut, Poultry products processing: an industry guide (CRC Press, New York, 2002)
P.L. Hayse, W.W. Marion, Eviscerated yield, component parts, and meat, skin and bone ratios in the chicken broiler. Poult Sci 52(2), 718–722 (1973)
S. Lesson, J.D. Summers, Production and carcass characteristics of the broiler chicken. Poult Sci 59, 786–798 (1980)
V. Feddern, L. Kupski, E.P. Cipolatti, G. Giacobbo, G.L. Mendes, E. Badiale-Furlong, L.A. de Souza-Soares, Physico-chemical composition, fractionated glycerides and fatty acid profile of chicken skin fat. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 112, 1277–1284 (2010)
L. Zhang, B. Yin, H. Rui, Effects of microwave rendering on the yield and characteristics of chicken fat from broiler abdominal fat tissue. J Food Sci Technol 50(6), 1151–1157 (2013)
W. Shi, J. Li, B. He, F. Yan, Z. Cui, K. Wua, L. Lin, X. Qian, Y. Cheng, Biodiesel production from waste chicken fat with low free fatty acids by an integrated catalytic process of composite membrane and sodium methoxide. Bioresour Technol 139, 316–322 (2013)
V.F. Marulanda, G. Anitescu, L.L. Tavlarides, Investigations on supercritical transesterification of chicken fat for biodiesel production from low-cost lipid feedstocks. J Supercrit Fluids 54, 53–60 (2010)
J. Pikul, F.A. Kummerow, Effect of total lipids, triacylglycerols and phospholipids on malonaldehyde content in different types of chicken muscles and the corresponding skin. J Food Biochem 13, 409–427 (1989)
K.S. Sheu, T.C. Chen, Yield and quality characteristics of edible broiler skin fat as obtained from five rendering methods. J Food Eng 55, 263–269 (2002)
E. Arnaud, M. Pina, A. Collignan, Suitable cooling program for chicken fat dry fractionation. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 109, 127–133 (2007)
E. Arnaud, A. Collignan, Chicken fat dry fractionation: effects of temperature and time on crystallization, filtration and fraction properties. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 110, 239–244 (2008)
ISO 665, Oilseeds. Determination of moisture and volatile matter content (International Organization for Standardization, Genéve, 2000)
ISO 936, Meat and meat products. Determination of total ash (International Organization for Standardization, Genéve, 1998)
ISO 1443, Meat and meat products. Determination of total fat content (International Organization for Standardization, Genéve, 1973)
ISO 1871, Food and feed products. General guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method (International Organization for Standardization, Genéve, 2009)
M. Gharachourloo, M. Ghavami, P. Abroomand, F. Darvish, Impact of Beta-cyclodextrin on cholesterol and other physicochemical properties of tallow, In Persian. J Food Technol Nutr 4, fall (2006)
AOCS, Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 4th edn. (American Oil Chemists’ Society Press, Champaign, 1996)
AOAC, Official methods of analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists international, 16th edn. (AOAC International, Arlington, 1995)
ISO 8294, Animal and vegetable fats and oils, determination of copper iron and nickel contents. Graphite furnace atomic absorption method (International Organization for Standardization, Genéve, 1994)
L.A. Johnson, Recovery, refining, converting, and stabilizing edible fats and oils, in Food lipids: chemistry, nutrition, and biotechnology, ed. by C.C. Akoh, D.B. Min (Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2008), p. 205
D. Firestone, Physical and chemical characteristics of oils, fats and waxes (AOCS press, Washington, 1999)
R.P. Mensink, J. Plat, Dietary Fats and Coronary Heart Disease, in Food lipids: chemistry, nutrition, and biotechnology, ed. By C.C. Akoh, D.B. Min, (Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2008) p. 551
Y. Gong, P.F. Weber, M.P. Richards, Characterizing quality of rendered duck fat compared to other fats and oils. J Food Qual 30, 169–186 (2007)
D. Hettinga, Butter, in Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat products, vol. 2, ed by F. Shahedi, (Wiley, New York, 2005) p. 15
R.R. Chao, S.J. Mulvaney, L.N. Fernando, Supercritical CO2 conditions affecting extraction of lipid and cholesterol from ground beef. J Food Sci 56, 183–187 (1991)
M.C. Youk, L.W. Mei, L.K. Kow, H.L. Min, Removal of cholesterol from lard by liquid-liquid extraction. J Chin Agric Chem Soc 33(1), 94–103 (1995)
A. Heshmati, I. Khodadadi, Reduction of cholesterol in beef suet using lecithin. J Food Compos Anal 22, 684–688 (2009)
E. Sundfeld, J.M. Krochta, T. Richardson, Aqueous process to remove cholesterol from food products. US Patent 5,370,890 (1994)
J.M. Thomas, Behavior of polymer-supported digitonin with cholesterol in the absence and presence of butter oil. J Agric Food Chem 38, 1839–1843 (1990)
G.C. Yen, L.J. Tsai, Cholesterol removal from lard–water mixture with bcyclodexterin. J Food Sci 60(3), 561–564 (1995)
F.Y. Gu, Y. Chen, E.G. Hammond, Use of cyclic anhydrides to remove cholesterol and other hydroxyl compound from fats and oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 71(11), 1205–1209 (1994)
H. Aihara, K. Watanabe, Degradation of cholesterol in egg yolk by Rhodococcus Equi No. 23. J Food Sci 53(2), 659–660 (1988)
M.C. Remagni, M. Paladino, F. Locci, F.V. Romeo, M. Zago, M. Povolo, G. Contarini, D. Carminati, Cholesterol removal capability of lactic acid bacteria and related cell membrane fatty acid modifications. Folia Microbiol 58, 443–449 (2013)
H.S. Lye, A.K. Alias, G. Rusul, M.-T. Liong, Enhanced cholesterol removal ability of lactobacilli via alteration of membrane permeability upon ultraviolet radiation. Ann Microbiol 62, 1709–1721 (2012)
M. C. Erickson, Lipid Oxidation of Muscle Foods, in Food lipids: chemistry, nutrition, and biotechnology, ed. By C.C. Akoh, D.B. Min, (Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2008) p. 321
D.S. Nichols, K. Sanderson, The nomenclature, structure, and properties of food lipids, in Chemical and functional properties of food lipids, ed. By Z. E. Sikorski, A. Kolakowska (CRC Press, New York, 2003)
R.D. O’Brien, Fats and oils: formulating and processing for applications (CRC Press, New York, 2004)
B.S. Ghotra, S.D. Dyal, S.S. Narine, Lipid shortening: a review. Food Res Int 35, 1015–1048 (2002)
A. Gholitabar, Evaluation of physicochemical properties of vanaspati produced in Iran, MSc thesis, Islamic Azad University-Ayatollah Amoli Science and research Branch. Amol, Iran (2014)
J. Farmani, M. Safari, M. Hamedi, Trans-free fats through interesterification of canola oil/palm olein or fully hydrogenated soybean oil blends. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 111, 1212–1220 (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Farmani, J., Rostammiri, L. Characterization of chicken waste fat for application in food technology. Food Measure 9, 143–150 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-014-9219-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-014-9219-y