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Introduction to Evolutionary Teratology, with an Application to the Forelimbs of Tyrannosauridae and Carnotaurinae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)

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Abstract

Conceptualisation of evolution requires new inclusions, as evidenced by contributions brought by evolutionary developmental biology—the evo-devo connection. Integration of teratology in an evolutionary framework fits in this continuity. It highlights the production of developmental anomalies (more or less drastic) over evolutionary times, which become integral parts of groups and taxa. Originating in Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s work, the contemporary independent formulation of evolutionary teratology allows a better understanding of some anatomical structures. The limbs of tetrapods are a promising field of study as some changes in their shapes, proportions and compositions are close to malformations observed in teratology. The forelimbs condition of Tyrannosauridae and Carnotaurinae is a good example. They are theropod dinosaurs characterised by different anterior micromelias, codified following an anatomical nomenclature. An association with the knowledge from developmental biology helps to discern possible productive mechanisms of such micromelias, including the influence of developmental rates, Hox genes, growth factors and developmental pathways conserved in evolution. What is more, the case of Tyrannosauridae and Carnotaurinae imposes to use the ‘adaptive’ reasoning in a more balanced framework. Indeed, the viability and evolutionary success of an organism is the result of the equilibrium of aptitudes between its various anatomical parts interacting with the circumstances.

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Notes

  1. The function of an element or combination of elements (an anatomical structure) represents the achievable mechanical aptitude(s)—movements, rotations, flexions, etc.—authorised by the shape and connections. From this/these biomechanical aptitude(s) derive(s) the possible use(s).

  2. There have been successive changes of name in the literature, according to two variables of genera, namely Tarbosaurus bataar, Tarbosaurus efremovi and Tyrannosaurus bataar. Following results from Currie et al. (2003), Currie (2003b), Hurum and Sabath (2003), the original naming Tarbosaurus has been chosen here.

  3. Validity of Majungasaurus crenatissimus over the name Majungatholus atopus (Krause et al. 2007).

  4. In order to operate significative comparisons, taking into account the fossil preservation factor, it was chosen to represent the autopod only with the median metatacarpal (as Middleton and Gatesy 2000). However, for some potential manual morphologies or conservation issues, it is worth noting that the median metacarpal can be absent or too small compared to other digital rays: in such cases, the dominant developed or avalaible matacarpal (bearing phalanges) will be used.

  5. The term ‘acromesomelic’ describes a group of dysplasia where the limb shortening is more pronounced at the middle and distal segments. An example is the Hunter-Thompson acromesomelic dysplasia (Manouvrier-Hanu et al. 1999).

  6. The manus of Carnotaurus has abnormally short digits, characterising a brachydactyly: “abnormal shortness of one or more fingers or toes” (Dictionnaire de l’Académie de médecine, version 2013, online resource—personal translation from the original French text) or shortening of the fingers due to abnormal development of the phalanges and/or metacarpals (Schwabe et al. 2000). However, the name ‘acromesomelic’ already suggests a more important shortening of the autopod and therefore digits. The choice has been made to highlight only the incomplete development of phalangeal elements—i.e. hypophalangia—to avoid unnecessary and partially redundant term.

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Acknowledgments

Didier Marchand for commenting the first draft regarding a concept which was always discreetly around us when we discussed evolutionary concepts. Remi Laffont, Stephen Brusatte, Phil Senter, Christopher A. Brochu, Mohammad Al-Qattan, Rolf Zeller and Ariana P. Carabajal for their help in providing some references. Two anonymous reviewers and editor Benedikt Hallgrimsson for useful comments regarding specific parts and length reduction. R. Guinard for checking the manuscript. Age ranges of taxa is an information provided by fossilworks.org, as well as complementary measurements of specimens. Silhouettes used for Fig. 6 are provided by phylopic.org (credits: Scott Hartman, Matt Martyniuk, T. Michael Keesey, Craig Dylke, Stephen O’Connor, Robert Gay, Michael B. H and Emily Willoughby).

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Guinard, G. Introduction to Evolutionary Teratology, with an Application to the Forelimbs of Tyrannosauridae and Carnotaurinae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Evol Biol 42, 20–41 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-014-9296-1

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