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Postnatal Cranial Development in Papionin Primates: An Alternative Model for Hominin Evolutionary Development

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Organismal form, shape, morphological structure, and the generative mechanisms underlying their evolution represent the essential questions within EvoDevo.

-Gerd Müller (2005: 91)

Abstract

The evolution of hominin growth and life history has long been a subject of intensive research, but it is only recently that paleoanthropologists have considered the ontogenetic basis of human morphological evolution. To date, most human EvoDevo studies have focused on developmental patterns in extant African apes and humans. However, the Old World monkey tribe Papionini, a diverse clade whose members resemble hominins in their ecology and population structure, has been proposed as an alternative model for human craniofacial evolution. This paper reviews prior studies of papionin development and socioecology and presents new analyses of juvenile shape variation and ontogeny to address fundamental questions concerning primate cranial development, including: (1) When are cranial shape differences between species established? (2) How do epigenetic influences modulate early-arising pattern differences? (3) How much do postnatal developmental trajectories vary? (4) What is the impact of developmental variation on adult cranial shape? and, (5) What role do environmental factors play in establishing adult cranial form? Results of this inquiry suggest that species differences in cranial morphology arise during prenatal or earliest postnatal development. This is true even for late-arising features that develop under the influence of epigenetic factors such as mechanical loading. Papionins largely retain a shared, ancestral pattern of ontogenetic shape change, but large size and sexual dimorphism are associated with divergent developmental trajectories, suggesting differences in cranial integration. Developmental simulation studies indicate that postnatal ontogenetic variation has a limited influence on adult cranial morphology, leaving early morphogenesis as the primary determinant of cranial shape. The ability of social factors to influence craniofacial development in Mandrillus suggests a possible role for phentotypic plasticity in the diversification of primate cranial form. The implications of these findings for taxonomic attribution of juvenile fossils, the developmental basis of early hominin characters, and hominin cranial diversity are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

I am extremely grateful to Philip Mitteroecker and Philip Gunz for inviting me to participate in the 21st Altenberg Workshop in Theoretical Biology; to Gerd Müller and the staff of the Konrad Lorenz Institute for their outstanding hospitality; and to my fellow participants for their stimulating presentations and exceptional collegiality. Analyses presented in this paper build on over a decade of work by members of the NYCEP Morphometrics Group. In addition to my collaborators—Kieran McNulty, Steve Frost, John Soderberg, and Emily Guthrie—I wish to thank the following institutions and individuals: Lawrence Heaney and William Stanley (Field Museum of Natural History), Emmanuel Gilissen and Wim Wendelen (Royal Museum for Central Africa), Georges Lenglet (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences), Malcom Harmon (Powell-Cotton Museum), Darren Lunde and Eileen Westwig (American Museum of Natural History), Richard Thorington and Linda Gordon (National Museum of Natural History), and Craig Hood and Nelson Rios (Tulane University Museum of Natural History) for access to specimens and curatorial assistance. For data collection and other research assistance, I thank Laura Mitchell, Leila Wagner, Matt Hunstiger, Hayley Jirasek, Claire Kirchhoff, Caitlin Schrein, and Tony Tosi. For use of the Mandrillus surface scan and generous, ongoing contributions to this research, I thank Eric Delson, Will Harcourt-Smith, the late Leslie Marcus, and members of the NYCEP Morphometrics Group. This research was supported by Midwestern University, the University of Minnesota, the University of Oregon, the Field Museum of Natural History, the University of Illinois–Urbana-Champaign, NYCEP, and NSF #IIS-0513660 (S. Frost). This paper is NYCEP Morphometrics Contribution 45.

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    Michelle Singleton

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Singleton, M. Postnatal Cranial Development in Papionin Primates: An Alternative Model for Hominin Evolutionary Development. Evol Biol 39, 499–520 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-011-9153-4

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