Skip to main content
Log in

Futility Determination as a Process: Problems with Medical Sovereignty, Legal Issues and the Strengths and Weakness of the Procedural Approach

  • Published:
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Futility is not a purely medical concept. Its subjective nature requires a balanced procedural approach where competing views can be aired and in which disputes can be resolved with procedural fairness. Law should play an important role in this process. Pure medical models of futility are based on a false claim of medical sovereignty. Procedural approaches avoid the problems of such claims. This paper examines the arguments for and against the adoption of a procedural approach to futility determination.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Beauchamp, T.L., and J.F. Childress. 2009. Principles of biomedical ethics, 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, J.P., and R.D. Truog. 2007. Futility: a concept in evolution. Chest 132(6): 1987–1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, D. 1991. Medical futility, medical necessity: the problem without a name. Hastings Cent Rep 21(4): 30–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dzielak, R.J. 1995. Physicians lose the tug of war to pull the plug: the debate about continued futile medical care. J Marshall L Rev 28: 733–767.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faunce, T.A., and C. Stewart. 2005. The Messiha and Schiavo cases: third-party ethical and legal interventions in futile care disputes. Med J Aust 183(5): 261–263.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, R.L. 2009. Point: the Texas Advance Directives Act effectively and ethically resolves disputes about medical futility. Chest 136(4): 968–971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabbay, E., J. Calvo-Broce, K.B. Meyer, et al. 2010. The empirical basis for determinations of medial futility. J Gen Intern Med 25: 1083–1089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerridge, I., K. Mitchell, and J. McPhee. 1997. Defining medical futility in ethics, law and clinical practice: an exercise in futility? J Law Med 4(3): 235–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerridge, I., M. Lowe, and C. Stewart. 2009. Ethics and law for the health professions. Sydney: Federation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhse, H. 1997. Caring: nurses, women and ethics. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, E.M. 1994. A new predicament for physicians: the concept of medical futility, the physician’s obligation to render appropriate treatment, and the interplay of the medical standard of care. J Law Health 9(1): 69–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luce, J.M. 2010. A history of resolving conflicts over end-of-life care in intensive care units in the United States. Crit Care Med 38(8): 1623–1629.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medical Professionalism Project. 2002. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician’s charter. Med J Aust 177(5): 263–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meisel, A., and K.L. Cerminara. 2004. The right to die: the law of end-of-life decision-making. New York: Aspen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moratti, S. 2009. The development of “medical futility”: towards a procedural approach based on the role of the medical profession. J Med Ethics 35: 369–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B.F. 2008. What has happened to clinical leadership in futile care discussions? Med J Aust 188(7): 418–419.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Callaghan, N. 2008. When Atlas shrugs: may the State wash its hands of those in need of life-sustaining medical treatment? Health Matrix 18(2): 291–372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, M. 2010. Futile choices: wooing doctors to acknowledge the law in Queensland. J Law Med 18(1): 32–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, T.M. 2007. Medical futility statutes: no safe harbor to unilaterally refuse life-sustaining treatment. Tenn Law Rev 75(1): 1–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope, T.M. 2010. Surrogate selection: an increasingly viable, but limited, solution to intractable futility disputes. St. Louis U J Health L Pol’y 3(2): 183–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope, T.M., and E.A. Waldman. 2007. Mediation at the end of life: getting beyond the limits of the talking cure. Ohio State J Dispute Resolut 23(1): 143–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, C. 2005. Political theology: four chapters on the concept of sovereignty. Trans. G. Schwab. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneiderman, L.J., N.S. Jecker, and A.R. Jonsen. 1990. Medical futility: its meaning and ethical implications. Ann Intern Med 112(12): 949–954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skene, L. 2005. The Schiavo and Korp cases: conceptualising end-of-life decision-making. J Law Med 13(2): 223–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G.P. 2005. The Christian religion and biotechnology: a search for principled decision-making. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.L. 2008. Medical inappropriateness review: appropriately performed by a medical committee. Health Matrix 18: 237–244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, C. 2006. Problems with substitute decision-making in NSW. J Bioeth Inq 3(3): 127–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, C. 2009. End-of-life decisions in NSW: the saga continues. J Bioeth Inq 6(2): 153–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Truog, R.D. 2007. Tackling medical futility in Texas. N Engl J Med 357: 1–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truog, R.D. 2009. Counterpoint: the Texas advance directives act is ethically flawed—medical futility disputes must be resolved by a fair process. Chest 136(4): 968–971.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D. 2009. The self-fulfilling prophesy in intensive care. Theor Med Bioeth 30(6): 401–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D., and J. Savulescu. 2011. Knowing when to stop: futility in the ICU. Curr Opin Anaesth:. doi:10.1097/ACO.0b013e328343c5af.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willmott, L., B. White, and S. Then. 2010. Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment. In Health law in Australia, ed. B. White, F. McDonald, and L. Willmott, 450–491. Sydney: Thomson Reuters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, A. 1998. Toward professionalism: an analysis of ambulance practice. Australas J Emerg Care 5(1): 16–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Younger, S.J. 1988. Who defines futility? J Am Med Assoc 260(14): 2094–2095.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cameron Stewart.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Stewart, C. Futility Determination as a Process: Problems with Medical Sovereignty, Legal Issues and the Strengths and Weakness of the Procedural Approach. Bioethical Inquiry 8, 155–163 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-011-9297-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-011-9297-z

Keywords

Navigation