Abstract
Compression tests of the Mg-20Pb-1.6Al-0.4B alloy have been performed in the deformation temperature range of 240-420 °C and the strain rate range of 0.01-10 s−1. Flow behaviors were examined based on stress-strain curves and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behaviors. The hot deformation apparent activation energy of the alloy is 147.5605 kJ/mol. The developed constitutive equation, which can be used to relate the peak stress to the absolute temperature and strain rate, was obtained. The correlation between the volume fraction of the DRX and strain at 240 °C and 0.01 s−1 was established. Processing maps of the Mg-20Pb-1.6Al-0.4B alloy at different strains are sensitive to strain. According to the processing maps and microstructures, the observed optimum parameters (temperature and strain rate) for hot working of the alloy were 300-420 °C and 0.01-0.06 s−1, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Srinivasan, C. Loganathan, R. Narayanasamy, V. Senthilkumar, Q.B. Nguyen, and M. Gupta, Study on Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Cast-Extruded AZ31B Magnesium Alloy and Nanocomposite Using Processing Map, Mater. Des., 2013, 47(9), p 449–455
N. Wang, R. Wang, C. Peng, and Y. Feng, Enhancement of the Discharge Performance of AP65 Magnesium Alloy Anodes by Hot Extrusion, Corros. Sci., 2014, 81(4), p 85–95
N. Wang, R. Wang, C. Peng, Y. Feng, and B. Chen, Effect of Hot Rolling and Subsequent Annealing on Electrochemical Discharge Behavior of AP65 Magnesium Alloy as Anode for Seawater Activated Battery, Corros. Sci., 2012, 64(6), p 17–27
N. Wang, R. Wang, C. Peng, B. Peng, Y. Feng, and C. Hu, Discharge Behaviour of Mg-Al-Pb and Mg-Al-Pb-In Alloys as Anodes for Mg-Air Battery, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 149, p 193–205
L. Wen, K. Yu, H. Xiong, Y. Dai, S. Yang, X. Qiao, F. Teng, and S. Fan, Composition Optimization and Electrochemical Properties of Mg-Al-Pb-(Zn) Alloys as Anodes for Seawater Activated Battery, Electrochim. Acta, 2016, 194, p 40–51
S. Candan, M. Unal, M. Turkmen, E. Koc, Y. Turen, and E. Candan, Improvement of Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Magnesium Alloy by Lead Addition, J. Med. Biol. Eng., 2011, 31(4), p 233–244
N. Nishino, H. Kawahara, Y. Shimizu, and H. Iwahori, Grain Refinement of Magnesium Casting Alloys by Boron Addition. In: K.U. Kainer, Magnesium Alloys and their Applications; 2000. p. 59–64.
P. Acosta, J.A. Jimenez, G. Frommeyer, and O.A. Ruano, Microstructure Characterization of an Ultrahigh Carbon and Boron Tool Steel Processed by Different Routes, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 1996, 206(206), p 194–200
E.S.A. Waly and M.A. Bourham, Comparative Study of Different Concrete Composition as Gamma-Ray Shielding Materials, Ann. Nucl. Energy, 2015, 85, p 306–310
M. Avedesian and H. Baker, Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, ASM International, Materials Park (OH), 1999
Y.V.R.K. Prasad, K.P. Rao, and M. Gupta, Hot Workability and Deformation Mechanisms in Mg/Nano-Al2O3 Composite, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2009, 69(7–8), p 1070–1076
Y.H. Duan, Y. Sun, M.J. Peng, Z.Z. Guo, and P.X. Zhu, Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast Pb-Mg-Al Alloys, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2012, 21(6), p 973–976
Y.H. Duan, Hot Deformation and Processing Map of Pb-Mg-10Al-1B Alloy, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2013, 22(10), p 3049–3054
Y. Xu, L. Hu, and Y. Sun, Processing Map and Kinetic Analysis for Hot Deformation of an As-Cast AZ91D Magnesium Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2013, 578(31), p 402–407
M. Meng, Z.M. Zhang, B.H. Zhang, and J. Dou, Flow Behaviors and Processing Maps of As-Cast and As-Homogenized AZ91 Alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2012, 513, p 112–117
F.L. Sui, L.X. Xu, L.Q. Chen, and X.H. Liu, Processing Map for Hot Working of Inconel 718 Alloy, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2011, 211(3), p 433–440
Y. Xu, L.X. Hu, T.Q. Deng, and L. Ye, Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of As-Cast AZ61 Magnesium Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2013, 559(3), p 528–533
S. Anbuselvan and S. Ramanathan, Hot Deformation and Processing Maps of Extruded ZE41A Magnesium Alloy, Mater. Des., 2010, 31(5), p 2319–2323
F.A. Slooff, J.S. Dzwonczyk, J. Zhou, J. Duszczyk, and L. Katgerman, Hot Workability Analysis of Extruded AZ Magnesium Alloys with Processing Maps, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2010, 527(3), p 735–744
Z. Cai, F. Chen, F. Ma, and J. Guo, Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior and Hot Workability of AZ41 M Magnesium Alloy During Hot Deformation, J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 670(3), p 5126–5127
H. Mirzadeh, M. Roostaei, M.H. Parsa, and R. Mahmudi, Rate Controlling Mechanisms during Hot Deformation of Mg-3Gd-1Zn Magnesium Alloy: Dislocation Glide and Climb, Dynamic Recrystallization, and Mechanical Twinning, Mater. Des., 2015, 68, p 228–231
N. Tahreen, D.F. Zhang, F.S. Pan, X.Q. Jing, D.Y. Li, and D.L. Chen, Hot Deformation and Processing Map of an As-Extruded Mg-Zn-Mn-Y Alloy Containing I, and W Phases, Mater. Des., 2015, 87, p 245–255
Y. Jia, F. Cao, S. Guo, P. Ma, J. Liu, and J. Sun, Hot Deformation Behavior of Spray-Deposited Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy, Mater. Des., 2014, 53(53), p 79–85
E. Cerri, E. Evangelista, A. Forcellese, and H.J. McQueen, Comparative Hot Workability of 7012 and 7075 Alloys After Different Pretreatments, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 1995, 197(2), p 181–198
H.J. McQueen and N.D. Ryan, Constitutive Analysis in Hot Working, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2002, 322(1–2), p 43–63
R. Bhattacharya, B.P. Wynne, and W.M. Rainforth, Flow Softening Behavior During Dynamic Recrystallization in Mg-3Al-1Zn Magnesium Alloy, Scripta Mater., 2012, 67(3), p 277–280
C. Zener and J.H. Hollomon, Effect of Strain-Rate Upon the Plastic Flow of Steel, J. Appl. Phys., 1944, 15(1), p 22–27
Y.V.R.K. Prasad, H.L. Gegel, S.M. Doraivelu, J.C. Malas, J.T. Morgan, K.A. Lark, and D.R. Barker, Modeling of Dynamic Material Behavior in Hot Deformation: Forging of Ti-6242, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1984, 15(10), p 1883–1892
Y.V.R.K. Prasad, Hot Working Guide: A Compendium of Processing Map, Materials Park, ASM International (OH), 1997
Y.V.R.K. Prasad and T. Seshacharyulu, Processing Maps for Hot Working of Titanium Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 1998, 243(1), p 82–88
O. Sivakesavam and Y.V.R.K. Prasad, Hot Deformation Behavior of As-Cast Mg-2Zn-1Mn Alloy in Compression : A Study with Processing Map, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2003, 362(1–2), p 118–124
Y.V.R.K. Prasad and K.P. Rao, Processing Maps and Rate Controlling Mechanisms of Hot Deformation of Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper in the Temperature Range 300–950 °C, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2005, 391(1–2), p 141–150
B. Bozzini and E. Cerri, Numerical Reliability of Hot Working Processing Maps, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2002, 328(1–2), p 344–347
S.V.S.N. Murty and B.N. Rao, On the Development of Instability Criteria During Hotworking with Reference to IN718, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 1998, 254(1–2), p 76–82
Y.V.R.K. Prasad, Recent Advances in the Science of Mechanical Processing, Indian J. Technol., 1990, 28, p 435–451
H.Z. Li, H.J. Wang, Z. Li, C.M. Liu, and H.T. Liu, Flow Behavior and Processing Map of As-Cast Mg-10Gd-4.8Y-2Zn-0.6Zr Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2010, 528(1), p 154–160
Y.V.R.K. Prasad and N. Ravichandran, Effect of Stacking Fault Energy on the Dynamic Recrystallization during Hot Working of FCC Metals: A Study Using Processing Maps, Bull. Mater. Sci., 1991, 14(5), p 1241–1248
B. Li, Q.L. Pan, Z.Y. Zhang, and X. Li, Characterization of Flow Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy Using Processing Maps, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2012, 556(11), p 844–848
T. Sakai and J.J. Jonas, Dynamic Recrystallization: Mechanical and Microstructural Considerations, Acta Metall., 1984, 32(2), p 189–209
M.R. Rokni, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, A.A. Roostaei, and A. Abolhasani, Constitutive Base Analysis of a 7075 Aluminum Alloy During Hot Compression Testing, Mater. Des., 2011, 32(1), p 4955–4960
H.J. Frost and M.F. Ashby, Deformation Mechanism Maps, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982
Y.H. Duan, Y. Sun, M.J. Peng, and Z.Z. Guo, First Principles Investigation of the Binary Intermetallics in Pb-Mg-Al Alloy: Stability, Elastic Properties and Electronic Structure, Solid State Sci., 2011, 13(2), p 455–459
S. Mandal, V. Rakesh, P.V. Sivaprasad, S. Venugopal, and K.V. Kasiviswanathan, Constitutive Equations to Predict High Temperature Flow Stress in a Ti-Modified Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2009, 500(1–2), p 114–121
Y.C. Lin, M.S. Chen, and J. Zhong, Constitutive Modeling for Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of 42 CrMo Steel, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2008, 42(3), p 470–477
N.D. Ryan and H.J. McQueen, Dynamic Softening Mechanisms in 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel, Can. Metall. Q., 1990, 29(2), p 147–162
M.E. Wahabi, L. Gavard, F. Montheillet, J.M. Cabrera, and J.M. Prado, Effect of Initial Grain Size on Dynamic Recrystallization in High Purity Austenitic Stainless Steels, Acta Mater., 2005, 53(17), p 4605–4612
M.R. Barnett, G.L. Kelly, and P.D. Hodgson, Predicting the Critical Strain for Dynamic Recrystallization Using the Kinetics of Static Recrystallization, Scripta Mater., 2000, 43(4), p 365–369
S.H. Zahiri, C.H.J. Davies, and P.D. Hodgson, A Mechanical Approach to Quantify Dynamic Recrystallization in Polycrystalline Metals, Scripta Mater., 2005, 52(4), p 299–304
S.F. Medina and C.A. Hernandez, Modelling of the Dynamic Recrystallization of Austenite in Low Alloy and Microalloyed Steels, Acta Mater., 1996, 44(44), p 165–171
A. Avrami, Kinetics of Phase Change. I: General Theory, J. Chem. Phys., 1939, 7(12), p 1103–1112
A. Marchattiwar, A. Sarkar, J.K. Chakravartty, and B.P. Kashyap, Dynamic Recrystallization During Hot Deformation of 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2013, 22(8), p 2168–2175
Y.V.R.K. Prasad and T. Seshacharyulu, Modelling of Hot Deformation for Microstructural Control, Int. Mater. Rev., 1998, 43(6), p 243–258
L.Y. Zeng, G.J. Yang, P. Ge, X.N. Mao, Y.Q. Zhao, and L. Zhou, Processing Map of One Kind of Metastable β Titanium Alloy, Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2010, 39(9), p 1505–1508
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Scientific Research Fund of Department of Education of Yunnan Province (Grant No. 2015Z038), the Reserve Talents Project of Yunnan Province (Grant No. 2015HB019) and the Analysis and Testing Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2016T20110026).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, R.Y., Duan, Y.H., Ma, L.S. et al. Flow Behavior, Dynamic Recrystallization and Processing Map of Mg-20Pb-1.6Al-0.4B Alloy. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 26, 2439–2451 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2681-z
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2681-z