Abstract
To investigate the effect of Mg addition on the refinement and homogenized distribution of inclusions, deoxidized experiments with different amounts of aluminum and magnesium addition were carried out at 1873 K (1600 °C) under the condition of no fluid flow. The size distribution of three-dimensional inclusions obtained by applying the modified Schwartz–Saltykov transformation from the observed planar size distribution, and degree of homogeneity in inclusion dispersion quantified by measuring the inter-surface distance of inclusions, were studied as a function of the amount of Mg addition and holding time. The nucleation and growth of inclusions based on homogeneous nucleation theory and Ostwald ripening were discussed with the consideration of supersaturation degree and interfacial energy between molten steel and inclusions. The average attractive force acted on inclusions in experimental steels was estimated according to Paunov’s theory. The results showed that in addition to increasing the Mg addition, increasing the oxygen activity at an early stage of deoxidation and lowering the dissolved oxygen content are conductive to the increase of nucleation rate as well as to the refinement of inclusions Moreover, it was found that the degree of homogeneity in inclusion dispersion decreases with an increase of the attractive force acted on inclusions, which is largely dependent on the inclusion composition and volume fraction of inclusions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
1. P. Kaushik, J. Lehmann, and M. Nadif: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2012, vol. 43, pp. 710-25.
2. S. Beretta and Y. Murakami: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2001, vol. 32, pp. 517-23.
P. Juvonen: Master’s Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, 2004.
G.N. Shannon and S. Sridhar: High Temp. Mater. Process., vol. 24, pp. 111–24.
5. S. Sridhar and A.W. Cramb: High Temp. Mater. Processes, 2003, vol. 22, pp. 275-82.
6. S. Sridhar and A.W. Cramb: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2000, vol. 31, pp. 406-10.
7. L. Wang, S. Yang, J. Li, T. Wu, W. Liu, and J. Xiong: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2016, vol. 47, pp. 99-107.
8. P.C. Pistorius and N. Verma: Microsc. Microanal., 2011, vol. 17, pp. 963-71.
9. L. Zhang and B.G. Thomas: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, pp. 271-91.
10. D.S. Sarma, A.V. Karasev, and P.G. Jönsson: ISIJ Int., 2009, vol. 49, pp. 1063-74.
11. F. Ishikawa, T. Takahashi, and T. Ochi: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1994, vol. 25, pp. 929-36.
12. K. Hashimoto, T. Fujimatsu, N. Tsunekage, K. Hiraoka, K. Kida, and E.C. Santos: Mater. Des., 2011, vol. 32, pp. 1605-11.
13. T.B. Braun, J.F. Elliott, and M.C. Flemings: Metall. Trans. B, 1979, vol. 10, pp. 171-84.
14. N. Verma, P.C. Pistorius, R.J. Fruehan, M.S. Potter, H.G. Oltmann, and E.B. Pretorius: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2012, vol. 43, pp. 830-40.
15. N. Verma, P.C. Pistorius, R.J. Fruehan, M.S. Potter, M. Lind, and S. Story: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2011, vol. 42, pp 711-19.
16. N. Verma, P.C. Pistorius, R.J. Fruehan, M.S. Potter, M. Lind, and S. Story: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2011, vol. 42, pp 720-29.
17. X. Wang, X. Li, Q. Li, F. Huang, H. Li, and J. Yang: Steel Res. Int., 2014, vol. 85, pp. 155-63.
18. G. Yang, X. Wang, F. Huang, P. Wei, and X. Hao: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2015, vol. 46, pp. 145-54.
19. Y. Miki and B.G. Thomas: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1999, vol. 30, pp 639-54.
20. L. Zhang, S. Taniguchi, and K. Cai: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2000, vol. 31, pp. 253-66.
21. L. Zhang, J. Aoki, and B.G. Thomas: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2006, vol. 37, pp. 361-79.
22. X. Li, Y. Min, C. Liu, and M. Jiang: Steel Res. Int., 2015, vol. 86, pp. 1530-40.
23. R. Takata, J. Yang, and M. Kuwabara: ISIJ Int., 2007, vol. 47, pp. 1379-86.
24. S. Kimura, K. Nakajima, and S. Mizoguchi: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2001, vol. 32, pp. 79-85.
25. Z.H. Jiang, C. Wang, and W. Gong: Ironmaking Steelmaking, 2015, vol. 42, pp. 669-74.
26. K. Isobe: ISIJ Int., 2010, vol. 50, pp 1972-80.
27. K. Sakata and H. Suito: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1999, vol. 30, pp. 1053-63.
28. J.S. Park and J.H. Park: Steel Res. Int., 2014, vol. 85, pp 1303-9.
29. L. Zhang and W. Pluschkell: Ironmaking Steelmaking, 2003, vol. 30, pp. 106-10.
30. J. Zhang and H.G. Lee: ISIJ Int., 2004, vol. 44, pp. 1629-38.
31. H. Ohta and H. Suito: ISIJ Int., 2006, vol. 46, pp. 42-9.
32. H. Suito and H. Ohta: ISIJ Int., 2006, vol. 46, pp. 33-41.
33. H. Ohta and H. Suito: ISIJ Int., 2006, vol. 46, pp. 14-21.
34. H. Ohta and H. Suito: ISIJ Int., 2006, vol. 46, pp. 22-8.
35. K. Sakata and H. Suito: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1999, vol. 30, pp. 1053-63.
36. M. Guo and H. Suito: ISIJ Int., 1999, vol. 39, pp. 678-86.
37. H. Ohta and H. Suito: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1997, vol. 28, pp. 1131-39.
38. L. Zhang, Y. Ren, H. Duan, W. Yang, and L. Sun: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2015, vol. 46, pp. 1809-25.
39. H. Itoh, M. Hino, and S. Ban-Ya: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1997, vol. 28, pp. 953-6.
40. S. Yang, Q. Wang, L. Zhang, J. Li, and K. Peaslee: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2012, vol. 43, pp. 731-50.
41. J.H. Park and H. Todoroki: ISIJ Int., 2010, vol. 50, pp 1333-46.
S.A. Saltykov: Stereology: Proceedings of the Second International Congress for Stereology, H. Elias, ed., Springer, New York, 1967, p. 163.
43. T. Li, S. Shimasaki, S. Taniguchi, K. Uesugi, and S. Narita: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2013, vol. 44, pp. 750-61.
44. I.H. Jung, S.A. Decterov, and A.D. Pelton: J. Phase Equilib. Diff., 2004, vol. 25, pp. 329-45.
45. I. Jimbo and A.W. Cramb: ISIJ Int., 1992, vol. 32, pp. 26-35.
46. B.J. Keene: Int. Mater. Rev., 1998, vol. 33, pp. 1-35.
47. D.R. Poirier, H. Yin, M. Suzuki, and T. Emi: ISIJ Int., 1998, 38, no. 3, pp. 229-38.
48. L. Zhao and V. Sahajwalla: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, pp. 1-6.
49. H. Shibata, X. Jiang, M. Valdez, and A.W. Cramb: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2004, vol. 35, pp. 179-81.
50. M. Humenik and W.D. Kingery: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1954, vol. 31, pp. 18-23.
51. C.M. Fang, S.C. Parker, and G. De With: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2000, vol. 83, pp. 2082-4.
52. H. Shibata, Y. Watanabe, K. Nakajima, and S.Y. Kitamura: ISIJ Int., 2009, vol. 49, pp. 985-91.
53. R.H. Bruce: Sci. Ceram., 1965, vol. 2, p. 359.
54. M. Hino and K. Ito: Thermodynamic Data for Steelmaking, 2nd ed. Tohoku University Press, Tohoku, 2010, pp. 247-64.
55. U. Lindberg and K. Torssel: Trans. TMS-AIME., 1968, vol. 242, p. 94.
56. Y. Miyashita: Tetsu-to-Hagané., 1966, vol. 52, p. 1049.
57. G. Li and H. Suito: ISIJ Int., 1977, vol. 37, p. 762.
Acknowledgment
This research is supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51574190 and 51574020) and the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy (Grant No. KF14-02 and KF14-06).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted August 26, 2016.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, L., Yang, S., Li, J. et al. Effect of Mg Addition on the Refinement and Homogenized Distribution of Inclusions in Steel with Different Al Contents. Metall Mater Trans B 48, 805–818 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-017-0915-y
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-017-0915-y