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Perspectives on Permanent Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion and Power Generation

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Abstract

Permanent magnet development has historically been driven by the need to supply larger magnetic energy in ever smaller volumes for incorporation in an enormous variety of applications that include consumer products, transportation components, military hardware, and clean energy technologies such as wind turbine generators and hybrid vehicle regenerative motors. Since the 1960s, the so-called rare-earth “supermagnets,” composed of iron, cobalt, and rare-earth elements such as Nd, Pr, and Sm, have accounted for the majority of global sales of high-energy–product permanent magnets for advanced applications. In rare-earth magnets, the transition-metal components provide high magnetization, and the rare-earth components contribute a very large magnetocrystalline anisotropy that donates high resistance to demagnetization. However, at the end of 2009, geopolitical influences created a worldwide strategic shortage of rare-earth elements that may be addressed, among other actions, through the development of rare-earth-free magnetic materials harnessing sources of magnetic anisotropy other than that provided by the rare-earth components. Materials engineering at the micron scale, nanoscale, and Angstrom scales, accompanied by improvements in the understanding and characterization of nanoscale magnetic phenomena, is anticipated to result in new types of permanent magnetic materials with superior performance.

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Acknowledgments

This work has been supported in part by ONR Grant # N00014-10-1-0553, by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Project Agency - Energy (ARPA-E) Award# DE-AR0000186, by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under Grant DE-SC000525, and by Northeastern University. Special thanks are due to S. Constantinides (Arnold Magnetic Technologies Corporation), Prof. K. Barmak (Columbia University), and Prof. J. Shield (University of Nebraska–Lincoln) for assistance and consultation.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Laura H. Lewis (Cabot Professor) & Félix Jiménez-Villacorta (Research Associate)

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  1. Laura H. Lewis
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  2. Félix Jiménez-Villacorta
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Correspondence to Laura H. Lewis.

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Manuscript submitted March 6, 2012.

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Lewis, L.H., Jiménez-Villacorta, F. Perspectives on Permanent Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion and Power Generation. Metall Mater Trans A 44 (Suppl 1), 2–20 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1278-2

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