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Experimente in der Politikwissenschaft: Vom Mauerblümchen zum Mainstream

Experiments in Political Science: From Wallflower to Mainstream

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Zusammenfassung

Experimentelle Forschung ist auf dem Vormarsch. Ein Blick in die internationale Forschungslandschaft zeigt in vielerlei Hinsicht – Fachzeitschriften, Bücher, Tagungen – ihre Etablierung. Im deutschsprachigen Raum sind experimentelle Methoden in der Politikwissenschaft bislang aber weniger weit verbreitet. Nach einem Überblick über den Stellenwert von Experimenten in der Politikwissenschaft gehen wir auf Logik und Formen experimenteller Forschung ein, ehe wir uns einigen Beispielen in der Politikwissenschaft zuwenden. Dabei geben wir zunächst einen kursorischen Überblick über experimentelle Forschung in den Bereichen Wahlen und politische Einstellungen, Kollektivgüter und kollektives Handeln, soziales Vertrauen sowie legislative Entscheidungen und Verhandlungen. Daneben stellen wir exemplarisch ein Forschungsfeld im Detail dar: die Erforschung der Wahlbeteiligung mittels Feldexperimenten.

Abstract

The use of experimental research designs is on the rise. Internationally, experiments are becoming ever more established in the field, as shown by the increasing number of journal articles, books, and conferences. In German political science, however, using experimental methods is still rather uncommon. After a (brief) discussion of the relevance of experiments for political science, we will—in general terms—introduce the logic of experimental research as well as different types of experiments. Then we shall provide a (selective) overview of experimental research in political science that has been conducted: First, we cursorily review the state of (experimental) research done in the fields of elections and public opinion, public goods and collective action, social trust and finally legislative bargaining and decision-making. Following that, we discuss in greater detail the field experimental strand of research studying voter mobilization.

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Notes

  1. Druckman et al. (2006) analysieren dabei die ersten 100 Jahrgänge der American Political Science Review. Bis in die 1950er Jahre hinein wurde der Begriff des „Experiments“ dort nahezu ausschließlich im Sinne eines ‚Ausprobierens‘ verwendet. Die ersten Artikel, die selbst auf einem experimentellen Design aufbauten, erschienen Ende der 1950er Jahre; sprunghaft angestiegen ist der Einsatz von Experimenten in den frühen 1990er Jahren.

  2. Auch jenseits von Publikationen gibt es deutliche Hinweise auf eine Institutionalisierung und Etablierung eines eigenen Forschungsstrangs, der sich experimenteller Methoden bedient. 2011 wird zum vierten Mal eine Konferenz „Experimental Political Science“ am Center for Experimental Social Sciences der New York University stattfinden. Innerhalb der American Political Science Association hat sich kürzlich eine Sektion „Experimental Research“ gegründet.

  3. Nicht berücksichtigt wurden dabei Buchbesprechungen sowie Artikel, in denen ausschließlich im Literaturverzeichnis das Wort „Experiment“ aufgetreten ist.

  4. Das bestätigt der Überblicksartikel von Kittel (2009) zum Stand der Methoden in der deutschen Politikwissenschaft: Experimente finden auch dort – mangels Masse – kaum Erwähnung.

  5. Erste Anzeichen für einen verstärkten Rückgriff auf Experimente gibt es allerdings auch hier: Meffert und Gschwend (2007) haben den Einfluss von Umfragen und Koalitionssignalen in Laborexperimenten untersucht, Huber (2008) analysierte die Einstellungsbildung zu politischen Kandidaten, Klein und Rosar (2009) untersuchten den Einfluss physischer Attraktivität auf das Wahlverhalten, Linhart und Huber (2009) testeten experimentell ein rationales Kalkül in Mehrparteiensystemen, Faas und Schoen (2010) prüften die Wirkung von Framing auf politische Einstellungen, Huber (2010) analysierte die Effekte von Ideologie-Hinweisen in unterschiedlichen Parteiensystemen.

  6. Eine Ursache dafür ist sicherlich auch die Ausbildung von Politikwissenschaftlern in Deutschland, in deren Rahmen experimentelle Methoden kaum eine Rolle spielen. Zudem durchlaufen Studierende üblicherweise auch keine zusätzliche psychologische (oder ökonomische) Methodenausbildung, in deren Rahmen sie experimentelle Verfahren kennenlernen könnten – anders als an vielen amerikanischen Universitäten (s. auch Kinder und Palfrey 1993; Druckman et al. 2006).

  7. Die strikte Logik einer Einteilung in verschiedene Experimental- und Kontrollgruppen stellt das Ideal dar, das aber insbesondere von stärker ökonomisch orientierten Experimenten nicht immer erfüllt wird (vgl. Morton und Williams 2010).

  8. Während bei der expliziten Messung von Einstellungen die Antworten selbst im Fokus des Interesses stehen, stehen bei der impliziten Messung Aspekte des Antwortprozesses im Vordergrund, beispielsweise die Zeit, die ein Befragter benötigt, um eine Antwort zu geben.

  9. Eine Rolle spielt dabei auch die Art der Kommunikation. Das persönliche Gespräch von Angesicht zu Angesicht hat einen deutlich größeren Effekt als unpersönliche Arten der Kommunikation (Frohlich und Oppenheimer 1998).

  10. Die Anreizstruktur in diesen Experimenten ist so gewählt, dass sich der abgegebene Betrag vervielfacht und so dem Empfänger ermöglicht, seinerseits wieder etwas zurückzugeben und auf diese Weise das in ihn gesetzte Vertrauen zu belohnen.

  11. Tatsächlich geben die Versuchspersonen der Metaanalyse von Johnson und Mislin (2008) zufolge im Durchschnitt circa die Hälfte ihres Guthabens ab, und bekamen auch im Durchschnitt wieder so viel zurück, dass sich ihre ursprüngliche Investition gelohnt hat.

  12. In den zurückliegenden zehn Jahren sind weit über 100 Artikel erschienen, viele davon in den führenden Zeitschriften des Faches. Die Forschung hat mittlerweile ein Ausmaß erreicht, das nur noch mit Hilfe von Metaanalysen überschaubar bleibt (Green und Gerber 2008).

  13. Da Gosnell die Zuordnung zu Experimental- und Kontrollgruppe nach einer Matching-Logik vornahm, schlägt Gerber (i. E.) vor, weniger von einem Experiment als von einer „controlled intervention“ zu sprechen.

  14. Inzwischen finden sich mit Blick auf die Mobilisierungsmedien noch Erweiterungen: Addonizio et al. (2007) prüfen (erfolgreich) die Wirksamkeit von „Election Day Festivals“. Panagopoulos (2009a) prüft die Wirksamkeit von „street signs“, Dale und Strauss (2009) diejenige von SMS.

  15. Neben diesen substanziellen Erweiterungen hat sich im vergangenen Jahrzehnt auch die Methodik der Analyse der Feldexperimente verfeinert. Gerber et al. (2010a) beschäftigen sich mit dem Einsatz von Placebos. Imai (2005) hat verfeinerte Verfahren zur Analyse von Feldexperimenten (samt einer Kontrolle für die Güte der Randomisierung) vorgeschlagen und Arcineaux und Nickerson (2009) sind speziell der Frage nachgegangen, auf welche Probanden die eingesetzten Treatments wirken.

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Danksagung

Unser Dank gilt Josephine Hörl, Patrick Kraft, Theresa Leimpek und Anne Schäfer, die uns bei Recherchen und der Fertigstellung des Manuskripts unterstützt haben, sowie den Mitgliedern der PVS-Redaktion für hilfreiche Kommentare und Anregungen. Ebenfalls danken möchten wir Jamie Druckman, der uns eine Vorabversion des Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science zur Verfügung gestellt hat.

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  1. Politikwissenschaft, insbes. Wählerverhalten, Universität Mannheim, A5, 6, 68131, Mannheim, Deutschland

    Thorsten Faas

  2. Lehrstuhl für Politische Wissenschaft I, Politische Soziologie, Universität Mannheim, A5, 6, 68131, Mannheim, Deutschland

    Sascha Huber

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  1. Thorsten Faas
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Faas, T., Huber, S. Experimente in der Politikwissenschaft: Vom Mauerblümchen zum Mainstream. Polit Vierteljahresschr 51, 721–749 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-010-0039-3

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