Abstract
Time-dependent elementary polarizations of FeF3·3H2O/C cathode material were quantitatively investigated in dc polarization in order to determine the key factors that comprise the total polarization. The measurement of electrochemical impedance spectrum at a given state of charge and the subsequent least square fitting of its equivalent circuit allow the calculation of elementary contributions of individual kinetic step to the total polarization. The profiles of the calculations were well consistent with those of experiments based on the same states of charge, and the elementary contributions could be differentiated successfully which reveal that the solid-state diffusion process makes the largest contribution to the total polarization after 2.5 s discharge beginning with open-circuit voltage (OCV) level 3.5 V. The results may be helpful for the design of batteries of better performance with FeF3 cathode.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shakoor RA, Soo Yeon L, Hyungsub K, Kwan-Woo N, Jeung Ku K, Kisuk K, Jang Wook C (2012) Mechanochemical synthesis and electrochemical behavior of Na3FeF6 in sodium and lithium batteries. Solid State Ionics 218:35–40
Badway F, Cosandey F, Pereira N, Amatucci GG (2003) Carbon metal fluoride nanocomposites: high-capacity reversible metal fluoride conversion materials as rechargeable positive electrodes for li batteries. J Elecrochem Soc 150:A1318–A1327
Yabuuchi N, Sugano M, Yamakawa Y, Nakai I, Sakamoto K, Muramatsu H, Komaba S (2011) Effect of heat-treatment process on FeF3 nanocomposite electrodes for rechargeable Li batteries. J Mater Chem 21:10035–10041
Li C, Lin G, Tsukimoto S, van Aken PA, Maier J (2010) Low-temperature ionic-liquid-based synthesis of nanostructured iron-based fluoride cathodes for lithium batteries. Adv Mater 22:3650–3654
Kim S-W, Seo D-H, Gwon H, Kim J, Kang K (2010) Fabrication of FeF3 nanoflowers on CNT branches and their application to high power lithium rechargeable batteries. Adv Mater 22:5260–5264
Wen W, Wang X, Wang X, Yang S, Liu X, Chen Q (2009) Effects of MoS2 doping on the electrochemical performance of FeF3 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Mater Lett 63:1788–1790
Wen W, Wang Y, Wang X, Chen Q, Wang X, Yang S, Liu X, Guo J, Yang Z (2009) Structure and electrochemical performance of FeF3/V2O5 composite cathode material for lithium-ion battery. J Alloys Compd 486:93–96
Li L, Yanghai Y, Meng F, Tan Y, Hamers RJ, Jin S (2012) Facile solution synthesis of α-FeF3·3H2O nanowires and their conversion to α-Fe2O3 nanowires for photoelectrochemical application. Nano Lett 12:724–731
Liu L, Guo H, Zhou M, Wei Q, Yang Z, Shu H, Yang X, Tan J, Yan Z, Wang X (2013) A comparison among FeF3·3H2O, FeF3·0.33H2O and FeF3 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries: structural, electrochemical, and mechanism studies. J Power Sources 238:501–515
Qingxin C, Xing Z, Ren X, Asiri AM, Al-Youbi AO, Alamry KA, Sun X (2013) Reduced graphene oxide decorated with FeF3 nanoparticles: facile synthesis and application as a high capacity cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Electrochim Acta 111:80–85
Li CL, Gu L, Tong JW, Maier J (2011) Carbon nanotube wiring of electrodes for high-rate lithium batteries using an imidazolium-based ionic liquid precursor as dispersant and binder: a case study on iron fluoride nanoparticles. ACS Nano 5:2930–2938
Wu C, Li XX, Wu F, Bai Y, Chen MZ, Zhong Y (2012) Composite FeF3·3H2O/C cathode material for lithium ion battery. Adv Mater Res 391–392:1090–1094
Xiaoping X, Chen S, Shui M, Lingxia X, Zheng W, Shu J, Cheng L, Feng L, Ren Y (2014) One step solid state synthesis of FeF3·0.33H2O/C nano-composite as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Ceram Int 40:3145–3148
Kim S-H, Choi W, Lee K-B, Choi S (2011) Advanced dynamic simulation of supercapacitors considering parameter variation and self-discharge. IEEE Trans Power Electron 26(11):3377–3385
Cho H-M, Park YJ, Shin H-C (2010) Semiempirical analysis of time-dependent elementary polarizations in electrochemical cells. J Electrochem Soc 157:A8–A18
Nobili F, Dsoke S, Corce F, Marassi R (2005) An AC impedance spectroscopic study of Mg-doped LiCoO2 at different temperatures: electronic and ionic transport properties. Electrochim Acta 50:2307–2313
Schmidt JP, Chrobak T, Ender M, Illig J, Klotz D, Ivers-Tiffee E (2011) Studies on LiFePO4 as cathode material using impedance spectroscopy. J Power Sources 196:5342–5348
van Heuveln FH (1994) Analysis of non-exponential transient response due to a constant phase element. J Electrochem Soc 141(12):3423–3428
Lingxia X, Zheng W, Xiaoping X, Shui M, Cheng L, Shu J, Yang T, Feng L, Ren Y (2013) Time domain transients investigation on the lithium rich cathode material Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2. Physica B 431:15–18
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the support for this work from 973 Fundamental research program from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grant number 2010CB635116), NSFC Project 21173190, Educational Commission of Zhejiang Province (grant number Y201017390), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China Y13B010020, the New Shoot Talents Program of Zhejiang Province (grant number 2013R405069), and K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, X., Chen, S., Shui, M. et al. The differentiation of elementary polarizations of FeF3·3H2O/C cathode material in LIB. Ionics 21, 1003–1010 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-014-1244-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-014-1244-7