Abstract
Aim
To evaluate safety, technical and clinical success of embolization of type II endoleak (T2 EL) using ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer as embolic agent alone or in combination with others materials.
Materials and Methods
From March 2007 to March 2015, 104 patients presented T2 EL during follow-up. A total of 21 patients met the criteria for treatment. T2 EL was treated with TAE (n = 18), DPSI (n = 10) or laparoscopic ligature of the inferior mesenteric artery (n = 1). DPSI was considered in case TAE was unsuccessful (8/18 patients). Ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymer was used as embolic agent in 12 patients: alone in 5 cases, in association with glue and with glue and thrombin in 3 and 2 cases, respectively, during TAE. Onyx was injected in two cases of embolization performed with DPSI: in one case alone and in the other in combination with thrombin and glue.
Results
Technical success rate was 100%. Immediate clinical success was 91.7%; in one patient CEUS revealed persistent T2 EL, decreased if compared with that before the procedure. Secondary clinical success was 91.7%; until today, in one patient T2EL is persistent, nevertheless, the sac diameter remained stable. No major or minor complications were registered.
Conclusions
Onyx could be an ideal embolic agent for endovascular and percutaneous embolization of T2 EL.
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Our acknowledgements are for our department chair, who provided general support.
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This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
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Additional informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for whom identifying information is included in this article.
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Ierardi, A.M., Micieli, C., Angileri, S.A. et al. Ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymer as embolic agent for treatment of type II endoleak: our experience. Radiol med 122, 154–159 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-016-0703-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-016-0703-9