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Fäkale Mikrobiotatransplantation (FMT)

Gesicherte Therapieindikationen und Zukunftsperspektiven

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)

Indications for treatment and future perspectives

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Der Diabetologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Das humane intestinale Mikrobiom besteht aus etwa 100 Billionen (1014) Mikroorganismen. Es hat wichtige metabolische Funktionen für den Wirt und ist ein bedeutender Bestandteil der Abwehr gegenüber pathogenen Erregern. Das Mikrobiom lässt sich therapeutisch durch Antibiotika, Probiotika, diätetische Maßnahmen sowie, als relativ neu etablierte Methode, die fäkale Mikrobiotatransplantation (FMT) beeinflussen.

Fäkaler Mikrobiomtransfer

Durch die Übertragung von Stuhlmikroorganismen eines gesunden humanen Spenders in den Gastrointestinaltrakt eines Patienten soll bei dysbioseassoziierten Erkrankungen wieder ein normales Darmmikrobiom etabliert werden. Die bislang einzige Indikation für eine FMT, die allgemein empfohlen werden kann, ist die multipel rezidivierende Clostridium-difficile-Infektion (CDI). Über 85 % der hiervon Betroffenen können durch eine FMT erfolgreich und dauerhaft geheilt werden. Mögliche andere therapeutische Anwendungen sind chronisch-entzündliche und funktionelle Darmerkrankungen, nichtalkoholisch bedingte Fettlebererkrankung, Insulinresistenz, morbide Adipositas, multiple Sklerose oder idiopathische thrombozytopenische Purpura. Diese Indikationen müssen in klinischen Studien weiter evaluiert werden, wobei sich bereits abzeichnet, dass die sehr guten Therapieerfolge der FMT bei CDI nicht ohne weiteres übertragbar sind. Das Wissen über den optimalen Spender, die beste Dosierung und den geeignetsten Applikationsweg für eine erfolgreiche FMT ist noch unvollständig. Notwendig ist eine sorgfältige Spenderselektion durch genaue Anamnese, klinische Untersuchung, Blut- und Stuhluntersuchungen. Die Durchführung der FMT unterliegt in Deutschland dem Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG) mit Anzeigepflicht und persönlicher Anwendung durch den behandelnden Arzt.

Abstract

Background

The human intestinal microbiome consists of about 100 trillion (1014) microorganisms and has important metabolic and immunological functions. The intestinal microbiome can be influenced by antibiotics, probiotics, dietary measures, and the relatively newly established method of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Fecal microbiome transfer

FMT comprises the transmission of fecal microorganisms of a healthy human donor into the gastrointestinal tract of a patient with the goal of establishing a normal microbiome in dysbiosis-associated diseases. The so far only indication for FMT that can be widely recommended is multiple recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). About 85 % of affected patients can be cured using FMT. Other possible therapeutic applications include chronic inflammatory and functional bowel diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, morbid obesity, multiple sclerosis, or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. These indications must be further examined in clinical trials; however, it has already been shown that the very good therapeutic success of FMT in patients with recurrent CDI cannot be readily transferred to other indications. Knowledge about the optimal donor, the best dosage, and the most appropriate route of administration for successful FMT is still incomplete. Essential is careful donor selection through accurate history, clinical examination, serology, and stool tests. The implementation of FMT in Germany is subject to the Medicines Act (Arzneimittelgesetz, AMG) with duty of disclosure and personal application by the attending physician.

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Correspondence to C. Lübbert D.T.M.&H..

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Interessenkonflikt

C. Lübbert wurden Kongressgebühren erstattet von den Firmen Novartis, MSD und Astellas. Reisekosten wurden für ihn von den Firmen Novartis und Astellas übernommen. Er erhielt Vortragshonorare von den Firmen Novartis, InfectoPharm, MSD, Pfizer, Astellas und der Falk Foundation.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine vom Autor durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Lübbert, C. Fäkale Mikrobiotatransplantation (FMT). Diabetologe 12, 409–419 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-016-0125-2

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