Skip to main content
Log in

Self-efficacy relevant to competitive anxiety and gameplay interest in the one-on-one competition setting

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Educational Technology Research and Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Individual gameplay interest is affected by numerous factors and a competition setting is also of importance as there are factors that need to be managed. To understand the motivational variables related to an educational game competition, this study explored the interrelatedness between self-efficacy, competitive anxiety, and gameplay interest in a one-on-one Chinese idiom string up game competition. Effective data from 278 elementary school students from grades five to six were collected and subjected to confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results of this study showed that the higher the level of competitive anxiety, the lower the degree of gameplay interest (i.e. Like, Enjoyment, and Engagement). In addition, self-efficacy in learning Chinese idioms was negatively associated with competitive anxiety. The implication of this study contributed towards understanding that low competitive anxiety is more facilitative to interest in gameplay. The results also suggested that enhancing self-efficacy in a specific task can eliminate anxiety and support players’ interests to play the game in a competitive setting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agarwal, R., Sambamurthy, V., & Stair, R. M. (2000). Research report: The evolving relationship between general and specific computer self-efficacy—an empirical assessment. Information Systems Research, 11(4), 418–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainley, M., Hidi, S., & Berndorff, D. (2002). Interest, learning and the psychological processes that mediate their relationship. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(3), 545–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akca, F. (2011). The relationship between test anxiety and learned helplessness. Social Behavior and Personality, 39(1), 101–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashford, K. J., Karageorghis, C. I., & Jackson, R. C. (2005). Modeling the relationship between self-consciousness and competition anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(4), 903–918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balcetis, E., & Dunning, D. (2006). See what you want to see: Motivational influences on visual perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 612–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Ner, A., Kramer, A., & Levy, O. (2008). Economic and hypothetical dictator game experiments: Incentive effects at the individual level. The Journal of Socio Economics, 37(5), 1775–1784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonaccio, S., & Reeve, C. L. (2010). The nature and relative importance of students’ perceptions of the sources of test anxiety. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(6), 617–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, A. W., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2011). Can Nervous Nelly negotiate? How anxiety causes negotiators to make low first offers, exit early, and earn less profit. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(1), 43–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2002). Classification of anxiety and mood disorders. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camerer, C. F., & Hogarth, R. M. (1999). The effects of financial incentives in experiments: A review and capital-labor-production framework. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 19, 7–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassady, J. C., & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Education Psychology, 27, 270–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerin, E., Szabo, A., Hunt, N., & Williams, C. (2000). Temporal patterning of competitive emotions: A critical review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 605–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chesney, M. A., Neilands, T. B., Chambers, D. B., Taylor, J. M., & Folkman, S. (2006). A validity and reliability study of the coping self-efficacy scale. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(3), 421–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295–336). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, W., & Newsted, P. (1999). Structural equation modeling analysis with small samples using partial least squares. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Statistical strategies for small sample research (pp. 307–341). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connolly, T. M., Stansfield, M. H., & Hainey, T. (2007). An application of games-based learning within software engineering. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(3), 416–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R., & Lang, B. (2012). Modeling the effect of self-efficacy on game usage and purchase behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19, 67–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dindar, M., & Akbulut, Y. (2014). Motivational characteristics of Turkish MMORPG players. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 119–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dindar, M., & Akbulut, Y. (2015). Role of self-efficacy and social appearance anxiety on gaming motivations of MMOFPS players. Computers and Education, 81, 26–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2004). Liking is for doing: The effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 557–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filaire, E., Sagnol, M., Ferrand, C., Maso, F., & Lac, G. (2001). Psychophysiological stress in judo athletes during competitions. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41, 263–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, D., Hanton, S., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2006). An organizational stress review: Conceptual and theoretical issues in competitive sport. In S. Hanton & S. D. Mellalieu (Eds.), Literature reviews in sport psychology (pp. 321–374). New York: Nova Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Förster, J., Liberman, N., & Friedman, R. S. (2007). Seven principles of goal activation: A systematic approach to distinguishing goal priming from priming of non-goal constructs. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 211–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frayne, C. A., & Latham, G. P. (1987). Application of social learning theory to employee self-management of attendance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 387–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberger, H. J., & North, G. (1982). Situational anxiety: How to overcome your everyday anxious moments. New York: Anchor Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry, A., Schilling, B., Fleck, S., & Kraemer, W. (2011). Relationships between competitive wrestling success and neuroendocrine responses. The Journal of Strength and Condition Research, 25, 40–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, H., & Dweck, C. S. (2003). Clarifying achievement goals and their impact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 541–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. (2004). Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, G. R., & Mueller, R. O. (Eds.). (2013). Structural equation modeling: A second course (2nd ed.). Charlotte: Information Age Publishing Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanton, S., Thomas, O., & Maynard, I. (2004). Competitive anxiety responses in the week leading up to competition: The role of intensity, direction and frequency dimensions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 169–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hidi, S. (2001). Interest, reading, and learning: Theoretical and practical considerations. Educational Psychology Review, 13(3), 191–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hidi, S., & Renninger, A. (2006). The four-phase model of interest development. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 111–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Liu, Y.T., Lin, P. H., & Chen, Y. L. (in press). The role of pre-game learning attitude in the prediction to competitive anxiety, perceived utility of pre-game learning of game and gameplay interest. Interactive Learning Environment. doi:10.1080/10494820.2013.841263.

  • Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Liu, M. C., & Ho, H. Y. (2014). Using a “prediction-observation- explanation” inquiry model to enhance student interest and intention to continue science learning predicted by their internet cognitive failure. Computers and Education, 72, 110–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, M. Y., Hong, J. C., Cheng, H. Y., Peng, Y. C., & Wu, N. C. (2013). Gender differences in cognitive load and competition anxiety affect 6th grade students’ attitude toward playing and intention to play at a sequential or synchronous game. Computers and Education, 60(1), 254–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiili, K., Lainema, T., de Freitas, S., & Arnab, S. (2014). Flow framework for analyzing the quality of educational games. Entertainment Computing, 5(4), 367–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krapp, A., Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (1992). Interest, learning, and development. In K. A. Renninger, K. A. Hidi, & A. Krapp (Eds.), The role of interest in learning and development (pp. 1–26). Hillsdale: LEA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, E. L. C., & Sun, X. (2012). Evaluating user experience of adaptive digital educational games with activity theory. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 70(7), 478–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., Burton, D., Bump, L., & Smith, D. E. (1990). Development and validation of the Competitive Sports Anxiety Inventory 2. In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey, & D. Burton (Eds.), Competitive anxiety in sport (pp. 117–178). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martocchio, J. J. (1994). Effects of conceptions of ability on anxiety, self-efficacy, and learning in training. Journal of Applied Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 79, 819–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masicampo, E. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2011). Unfulfilled goals interfere with tasks that require executive functions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(2), 300–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu, J. E., Martineau, J. W., & Tannenbaum, S. I. (1993). Individual and situational influences on the development of self-efficacy: Implications for training effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 46, 125–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCaul, K., Gladue, B., & Joppa, M. (1992). Winning, losing, mood, and testosterone. Hormones and Behavior, 26, 486–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMorris, T., Sproule, J., Turner, A., & Hale, B. J. (2011). Acute, intermediate intensity exercise, and speed and accuracy in working memory tasks: A meta-analytical comparison of effects. Physiology and Behavior, 102(3–4), 421–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S., & Fletcher, D. (2006). A competitive anxiety review: Recent directions in sport psychology research. In S. Hanton & S. D. Mellalieu (Eds.), Literature reviews in sport psychology (pp. 1–45). New York: Nova Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (1999). Toward unified theories of working memory: Emerging general consensus, unresolved theoretical issues, and future research directions. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory (pp. 442–481). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, L. W., Davis, M. A., & Hutchings, C. H. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moskowitz, G. B. (2002). Preconscious effects of temporary goals on attention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(4), 397–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nie, Y., Lau, S., & Liau, A. K. (2011). Role of academic self-efficacy in moderating the relation between task importance and test anxiety. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(6), 736–741.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norman, R. E., Moreau, B. J. P., Welker, K. M., & Carre´, J. M. (2014). Trait anxiety moderates the relationship between testosterone responses to competition and aggressive behavior. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology,. doi:10.1007/s40750-014-0016-y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, D. R., Omar, H., & Terry, M. (2010). Sport-related performance anxiety in young female athletes. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 23(6), 325–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randler, C., & Bogner, F. X. (2007). Pupils’ interest before, during and after a curriculum dealing with ecological topics and its relationship with achievement. Educational Research and Evaluation, 13, 463–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ree, M. J., MacLeod, C., French, D., & Locke, V. (2000). State-trait inventory for cognitive and somatic anxiety (STICSA). Australia: The University of Western Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, S., & McNally, R. J. (1985). Expectancy model of fear. In S. Reiss & R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 107–121). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieger, D., Wulf, T., Kneer, J., Frischlich, L., & Bente, G. (2014). The winner takes it all: The effect of in-game success and need satisfaction on mood repair and enjoyment. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 281–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roeser, R. W., & Peck, S. (2009). An education in awareness: Self, motivation, and self-regulated learning in contemplative perspective. Educational Psychologist, 44(2), 119–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rydval, O., & Ortmann, A. (2004). How financial incentives and cognitive abilities affect task performance in laboratory settings: An illustration. Economic Letters, 85, 315–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salvador, A., & Costa, R. (2009). Coping with competition: Neuroendocrine responses and cognitive variables. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 160–170. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sins, P. H. M., van Joolingen, W. R., Savelsbergh, E. R., & van Hout-Wolters, B. (2008). Motivation and performance within a collaborative computer-based modeling task: Relations between students’ achievement goal orientation, self-efficacy, cognitive processing, and achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33(1), 58–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. (1970). The state-trait anxiety inventory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D. (1972). Anxiety as an emotional state. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research (Vol. 1, pp. 24–54). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. H., Taylor, S., Jang, K. L., Cox, B. J., Watt, M. C., Fedoroff, I. C., & Borger, S. C. (2001). Causal modeling of relations among learning history, anxiety sensitivity, and panic attacks. Behavior Research and Therapy, 39, 443–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strahler, K., Ehrlenspiel, F., Heene, M., & Brand, R. (2010). Competitive anxiety and cortisol awakening response in the week leading up to a competition. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(2), 148–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suliman, W. A., & Halabi, J. (2007). Critical thinking, self-esteem, and state anxiety of nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 27, 162–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R. (2004). Mutual benefits at all levels of life. Science, 304, 964–965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watt, M. C., & Stewart, S. H. (2000). Anxiety sensitivity mediates the relationships between childhood learning experiences and elevated hypochondriacal concerns in young adulthood. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49, 107–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, P., & Eklund, R. C. (1998). The relationship between competitive anxiety and self-presentational concerns. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 81–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodman, T., Akehurst, S., Hardy, L., & Beattie, S. (2010). Self-confidence and performance: A little self-doubt helps. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), 467–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeo, G. B., & Neal, A. (2006). An examination of the dynamic relationship between self-efficacy and performance across levels of analysis and levels of specificity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1088–1101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zilioli, S., & Watson, N. V. (2013). Winning isn’t everything: Mood and testosterone regulate the cortisol response in competition. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e52582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was partially supported by the “Aim for the Top University Project” of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU), sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan and the “International Research-Intensive Center of Excellence Program” of NTNU and Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 103-2911-I-003-301 and MOST 101-2511-S-003-056-MY3 and MOST 104-2911-I-003-301).

Conflict of interest

This research was not funded and the authors declare they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ming-Yueh Hwang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hong, JC., Hwang, MY., Tai, KH. et al. Self-efficacy relevant to competitive anxiety and gameplay interest in the one-on-one competition setting. Education Tech Research Dev 63, 791–807 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-015-9389-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-015-9389-2

Keywords

Navigation