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Molekulare Darmmikrobiomdiagnostik

Einblick in unser anderes Genom

Molecular diagnostic workup of the gut microbiome

Insight into our other genome

  • Schwerpunkt
  • Published:
Der Gastroenterologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Fortschritte in der DNA-Sequenziertechnik und in anderen „Omics-Technologien“ ermöglichen einen neuen Blick auf die menschliche Darmflora als hochdiverse mikrobielle Gemeinschaft, die eine Vielzahl von physiologischen Funktionen erfüllt. Die Zusammensetzung der Flora ist interindividuell verschieden, folgt aber bestimmten Organisationsprinzipien und ist innerhalb eines Individuums über die Zeit bemerkenswert stabil. Es wurde daher vorgeschlagen, die Darmbakterien als zusätzliches Organ zu verstehen. Die Interaktionen von Wirt und Flora sind komplex und deuten auf eine koevolvierte Symbiose hin, in der beide Partner von dem stabilen metabolischen Zusammenspiel profitieren. Die „gespeicherte“ genetische Information ist 100-mal höher als die des menschlichen Genoms und beeinflusst eine Vielzahl von physiologischen Prozessen, von der Verdauung bis zur Prägung des Immunsystems. Störungen dieses Ökosystems sind mit einer Vielzahl an chronischen Erkrankungen, wie Adipositas, Diabetes mellitus Typ I/II, Fettlebererkrankungen und chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankungen, assoziiert. Es ist daher eine wichtige Frage für die Entwicklung der inneren Medizin, wie das neue Wissen um die Darmflora diagnostisch und therapeutisch nutzbar gemacht werden kann. In der vorliegenden Übersicht werden Methoden der Mikrobiomdiagnostik kritisch beleuchtet und die Frage gestellt, welche Felder perspektivisch von einer rationalen Therapie des Darmmikrobioms (Bakteriotherapie/Ökobiotika) profitieren werden.

Abstract

Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing enabled a novel view at the gut microbiome and its diverse functions for normal human physiology. While the composition of the intestinal microbiota is highly variable between individuals, distinct organizational principles (e. g. enterogradients, core gut microbiome) have been identified. It has thus been suggested that the gut microbiome can be understood as an additional organ system with genetic information content 100-times higher than the genome size of its human host. It is perceived that disturbed host–microbial interactions and related inflammatory signaling play important roles in the etiology of a number of human diseases including metabolic disorders (e. g. obesity, types 1 and 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), chronic inflammatory disorders (e. g. inflammatory bowel diseases, psoriasis), but also in certain forms of cancer affecting the gastrointestinal tract (e. g. colonic or hepatocellular cancer). In this review we will thus critically describe methods which have been developed to exploit the diagnostic potential of the gut microbiota. As a perspective, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of targeted bacteriotherapy/ecobiotics for selected fields of internal medicine.

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Danksagung

Das Feld der Mikrobiomforschung ist mittlerweile sehr groß; eine solche Übersicht, die eine Perspektive beschreibt und kein systematischer Übersichtsartikel ist, muss daher unvollständig bleiben. Der Autor möchte sich bei allen Wissenschaftlern des Felds bedanken, die durch ihre Arbeiten das Wissen vorangebracht haben, die aber in den Zitaten unerwähnt geblieben sind.

Förderung

Die Arbeiten des Labors werden unterstützt vom Exzellenzcluster Inflammation at Interfaces, dem SFB 1182, dem EU-Antrag H2020 SysCID und dem BMBF Konsortium SysINFLAME.

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  1. Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin Straße 12, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland

    P. Rosenstiel

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J. Hampe, Dresden

S. Schreiber, Kiel

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Rosenstiel, P. Molekulare Darmmikrobiomdiagnostik . Gastroenterologe 12, 49–59 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-016-0129-x

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