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Multi-element atmospheric deposition in Macedonia studied by the moss biomonitoring technique

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Abstract

Moss biomonitoring technique using moss species Homolothecium lutescens (Hedw.) Robins and Hypnum cupressiforme (Hedw.) was applied to air pollution studies in the Republic of Macedonia. The study was performed in the framework of the International Cooperative Programme on Effects of Air Pollution on Natural Vegetation and Crops under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). The presence of 47 elements was determined by instrumental epithermal neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. Normality of the datasets of elements was investigated, and Box-Cox transformation was used in order to achieve normal distributions of the data. Different pollution sources were identified and characterized using principal component analysis (PCA). Distribution maps were prepared to point out the regions most affected by pollution and to relate this to the known sources of contamination. The cities of Veles, Skopje, Tetovo, Radoviš and Kavadarci were determined to experience particular environmental stress. Moreover, three reactivated lead-zinc mines were also shown to contribute to a high content of lead and zinc in the eastern part of the country. However, a comparison with the previous moss survey conducted in 2005 showed a decreasing trend of pollution elements that are usually associated with emission from industrial activities.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Prof. M. Cekova from the Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Skopje, for the identification of moss species.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, POB 162, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia

    Lambe Barandovski

  2. Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

    Marina V. Frontasyeva & Tatyana M. Ostrovnaya

  3. Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, POB 162, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia

    Trajče Stafilov

  4. Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ul. 14, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Robert Šajn

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  1. Lambe Barandovski
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  2. Marina V. Frontasyeva
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Correspondence to Trajče Stafilov.

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Barandovski, L., Frontasyeva, M.V., Stafilov, T. et al. Multi-element atmospheric deposition in Macedonia studied by the moss biomonitoring technique. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 16077–16097 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4787-x

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