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Optimizing water suppression for quantitative NMR-based metabolomics: a tutorial review

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Abstract

In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics, the water suppression scheme is one of the elements that most impact the overall quality of the spectrum. The choice of the solvent suppression scheme and of the associated parameters has therefore a high impact on the accuracy of the resulting spectra. As a consequence, potential users of 1H NMR quantitative metabolomics would certainly benefit from a set of practical tools and recommendations to choose the experimental parameters leading—for a specific metabolomics question—to the most accurate and precise analysis of 1H NMR spectra with solvent suppression. This tutorial review is structured into four parts which address the following questions: (1) why suppress the water signal? (2) what are the difficulties in suppressing the water signal? (3) which methods are available to suppress the water signal? (4) which criteria are pertinent to optimize and compare the different methods? These four parts are completed by an experimental section describing in details all the pulse sequences and parameters used in this paper. For each method, the performances greatly depend on the chosen parameters. For instance, the robustness of the NOESY-1D block is significantly modified when the mixing time is changed. Therefore, we propose simple protocols that can be exploited to evaluate and optimize the performances of a water suppression method.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Drs. Illa Tea, Julie Lalande and Estelle Martineau for discussions, as well as to Michel Giraudeau for linguistic assistance. Funding sources (ANR Grant 2010-JCJC-0804-01 and RésoNantes Grant from the Région Pays de la Loire) are also acknowledged, as well as the CORSAIRE platform from Biogenouest.

Conflict of interest

Patrick Giraudeau, Virginie Silvestre, and Serge Akoka declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Compliance with ethical requirements

Patrick Giraudeau, Virginie Silvestre, and Serge Akoka declare that all principles of ethical and professional conduct have been followed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. EBSI Team, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), CNRS, UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nantes, LUNAM Université, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 03, France

    Patrick Giraudeau, Virginie Silvestre & Serge Akoka

  2. Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard St. Michel, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France

    Patrick Giraudeau

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  1. Patrick Giraudeau
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Correspondence to Serge Akoka.

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Giraudeau, P., Silvestre, V. & Akoka, S. Optimizing water suppression for quantitative NMR-based metabolomics: a tutorial review. Metabolomics 11, 1041–1055 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-015-0794-7

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