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Genetic admixing of two evergreen oaks, Quercus acuta and Q. sessilifolia (subgenus Cyclobalanopsis), is the result of interspecific introgressive hybridization

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Abstract

In forests worldwide, Quercus is a major genus; however, the boundaries between the constituent species are relatively weak, and hybridization is reported frequently. In this study, we examined Quercus acuta and Quercus sessilifolia (subgenus Cyclobalanopsis), which have a putative hybrid—Q. x takaoyamensis. We investigated leaf morphological traits and microsatellites of Q. acuta and Q. sessilifolia in the area where the two species are both found. Although the leaf traits overlapped, the two species could be distinguished morphologically as demonstrated by principal component analysis based on a range of these traits. They were also genetically differentiated, with F ST = 0.104. However, they shared most of the alleles at all eight loci examined, and considerable genetic admixing was detected. Admixture analysis demonstrated that Q. acuta and Q. sessilifolia, respectively, contained 11 and 24 % of individuals with a probability of less than 0.9 of being correctly assigned to their species. Model-based testing showed that this admixing was created by not only shared ancestral polymorphism but also by hybridization. Effective population size and migration rate were estimated using the coalescent approach. We estimated 8.843 and 71.98 effective numbers of migrants per generation to Q. acuta and Q. sessilifolia, respectively. Theoretically, one to ten migrants per generation are required to prevent complete genetic differentiation. Based on the results of this study, it appears that genetic admixing, with sharing of most alleles, is probably common in the two species and is maintained by interspecific introgressive hybridization.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to N. Tomaru, S. Setsuko, N. Nakanishi, and Y. Hasegawa for their support with the genetic experiment; M. Tsuruta, T. Okada, Y. Watanabe, and H. Tabata for useful discussions; and N. Yanagisawa, K. Tsuda, and the members of the Laboratory of Satoyama for their help with the sample collections. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the previous manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Data archiving statement

We follow standard Tree Genetics and Genomes policy, and all geotype and phenotype data are deposited in the Dryad Repository doi:10.5061/dryad.c959s.

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  1. Gifu Academy of Forest Science and Culture, 88 Sodai, Mino, Gifu, 501-3714, Japan

    Ichiro Tamaki & Megumi Okada

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  1. Ichiro Tamaki
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  2. Megumi Okada
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Correspondence to Ichiro Tamaki.

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Communicated by I. J. Chybicki

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Tamaki, I., Okada, M. Genetic admixing of two evergreen oaks, Quercus acuta and Q. sessilifolia (subgenus Cyclobalanopsis), is the result of interspecific introgressive hybridization. Tree Genetics & Genomes 10, 989–999 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-014-0737-x

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