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From the cradle of grapevine domestication: molecular overview and description of Georgian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm

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Abstract

Historical information and archaeological and palaeobotanical findings point Georgia, in the South Caucasus, as a cradle for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) domestication from its wild form (V. vinifera silvestris Beck.) and subsequent selection and development of varieties with characters suitable for human consumption. The hypothesis of Georgia being a center of domestication, combined with its distance from western countries and the importance of its viticulture and wine production, make Georgian grape germplasm particularly interesting to be investigated under the genetic point of view. Twenty nuclear microsatellite loci were used to genotype 112 Georgian grapevine accessions (V. vinifera sativa Beck.) from germplasm collections and 18 from spontaneous growing plants (V. vinifera silvestris Beck.) found in wild conditions and to compare them to a large international cultivar collection in France. Data analysis shows that Georgian grapevine germplasm has maintained distinctive traits despite arrival of international, foreign varieties and still conserve characteristics of local breeding linked to traditional wine production regions of the country. Results have identified alleles, overall loci, well represented in the Georgian germplasm (cultivated and wild) and absent or poorly represented in other countries, highlighting uniqueness and originality of traits of this viticulture. Moreover, the search for relationships between Georgian and foreign viticulture has evidenced few interesting cases linking the Georgian varieties with Western European ones and with neighboring Caucasian countries, helping to identify the real place of origin in some doubtful cases. In addition, populations or sparse individuals of wild grapevine still preserved in the Georgian natural environments present smaller genetic distances with local cultivars than in other European regions. Principal component analysis (PCA) has also identified special overlapping of the wild compartment with some cultivated varieties. This work provides a highly significant new contribution to applied aspects of Georgian grapevine genetic resources management and use. Uniqueness of the Georgian cultivated grapevine gene pool together with its close relatedness with the wild compartment makes this country a good candidate to address questions regarding domestication and grapevine genetic resource conservation.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. This study is a joint publication of the COST Action FA1003 “East–west Collaboration for Grapevine Diversity Exploration and Mobilization of Adaptive Traits for Breeding.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, Padiglione Besta, Reggio Emilia, 42122, Italy

    Serena Imazio

  2. Centro Interdipartimentale Siteia Biogest, Università di Modena Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, Padiglione Besta, Reggio Emilia, 42122, Italy

    Serena Imazio

  3. Institute of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 6 Marshal Gelovani Ave., Tbilisi, 0159, Georgia

    David Maghradze

  4. Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, 20133, Italy

    Gabriella De Lorenzis, Attilio Scienza & Osvaldo Failla

  5. INRA Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP, Equipe DAVEM, 2 Place Viala, Montpellier, 34060, France

    Roberto Bacilieri, Valérie Laucou & Patrice This

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Correspondence to Serena Imazio.

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Communicated by G. G. Vendramin

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Imazio, S., Maghradze, D., De Lorenzis, G. et al. From the cradle of grapevine domestication: molecular overview and description of Georgian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm. Tree Genetics & Genomes 9, 641–658 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-013-0597-9

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