Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in 40 Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from 110 diabetic patients (36%) was evaluated. Of these, 32 (80%) of the isolates showed multidrug-resistance to more than eight antibiotics and 35% isolates were found to be methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). All 40 S. aureus strains (100%) screened from diabetic clinical specimens were resistant to penicillin, 63% to ampicillin, 55% to streptomycin, 50% to tetracycline and 50% to gentamicin. Where as low resistance rate was observed to ciprofloxacin (20%) and rifampicin (8%). In contrast, all (100%) S. aureus strains recorded susceptibility to teicoplanin, which was followed by vancomycin (95%). Genotypical examination revealed that 80% of the aminoglycoside resistant S. aureus (ARSA) have aminoglycoside modifying enzyme (AME) coding genes; however, 20% of ARSA which showed non-AME mediated (adaptive) aminoglycoside resistance lacked these genes in their genome. In contrast all MRSA isolates possessed mecA, femA genetic determinants in their genome.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anupurba S, Sen MR, Nath G, Sharma BM, Gulati AK, Mohapatra TM (2003) Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary referral hospital in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Med Microbiol 21:49–51
Arakere G, Nadig S, Swedberg G, Macaden R, Amarnath SK, Raghunath D (2005) Genotyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from two hospitals in Bangalore, South India. J Clin Microbiol l43:3198–3202
CLSI (2009) Performance standard for antimicrobial susceptibility testing M100-S19
Cottagnoud P, Cottagnoud M, Tauber MG (2003) Vancomycin acts synergistically with gentamycin against penicillin-resistant Pneumococci by increasing the intracellular penetration of gentamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:144–147
Cui L, Ma X, Sato K, Okuma K, Tenover FC, Mamizuka EM, Gemmell CG, Kim M-N, Ploy M-C, Solh NE, Ferraz V, Hiramatsu K (2003) Cell wall thickening is a common feature of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 41:5–14
Dang CN, Prasad YDM, Boulton AJM, Jude EB (2002) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the diabetic foot clinic: the problem is getting worse. Diabetologica 45:A4
Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Nesbit CA (1996) Diabetic foot infections, bacteriology and activity of 10 oral antimicrobial agents against bacteria isolated from consecutive cases. Diabetes Care 19:638–641
Gresham HD, Lowrance JH, Caver TE, Wilson BS, Cheung AL, Lindberg FP (2000) Survival of Staphylococcus aureus inside neutrophils contributes to infection. J Immunol 164:3713–3722
Heurtier-Hartemann AJ, Robert S, Jacqueminet G, Van H, Golmard JL, Jarlier V, Grimaldi A (2004) Diabetic foot ulcer and -resistant organisms: risk factors and impact. Diabetic Med 21:710–715
Ida T, Okamoto R, Shimauchi C, Okubo T, Kuga A, Inoue M (2001) Identification of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes by susceptibility testing: epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 39:3115–3121
Jeremy R, Lee JC (2005) The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infection in the diabetic NOD mouse. Diabetes 54:2904–2910
Kao SJ, You IL, Clewell DB, Donabedian SM, Zervos MJ, Petrin J, Shaw KJ, Chow JW (2000) Detection of the high-level aminoglycoside resistance gene aph(2″)-Ib in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:2876–2879
Karchmer A (2002) Microbiology and treatment of diabetic foot infections. In: Veves A, Giurini JM, LoGerfro FW (eds) The diabetic foot: medical and surgical treatment. Humana, Totowa, NJ, pp 207–219
Kelmani Chandrakanth R, Raju S, Patil SA (2008) Aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms in multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Curr Microbiol 56:558–562
Lowy FD (1998) Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 339(8):520–532
McMahon MM, Bistrian BR (1995) Host defenses and susceptibility to infection in patients with diabetes mellitus. Infect Dis Clin North Am 9:1–9
Mulligan ME, Murray-Leisure A, Ribner BS, Standiford HC, John JF, Korvick JA et al (1993) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a consensus review of the microbiology, pathogenesis and epidemiology with implications for prevention and management. Am J Med 94:313–328
Nadig S, Namburi P, Raghunath D, Arakere G (2006) Genotyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Indian hospitals. Curr Sci 91:1364–1369
Poole K (2005) Aminoglycoside resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:479–487
Raju S, Kelmani Chandrakanth R, Patil SA (2007) High level oxacillin and gentamycin resistance with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus carrying mecA and femA gene complex. Cur Microbiol 54:429–434
Roghmann MC, Siddiqui A, Plaisance K, Standiford H (2001) MRSA colonisation and the risk of MRSA bacteraemia in hospitalized patients with chronic ulcers. J Hosp Infect 47:98–103
Tentolouris N, Jude EB, Smirnof I, Knowles A, Boulton AJM (1999) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an increasing problem in a diabetic foot clinic. Diabet Med 16:767–771
Tsao S-M, Hsu C-C, Yin M-C (2006) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in diabetic mice enhanced inflammation and coagulation. J Med Microbiol 55:379–385
Wu SW, De Lencastre H, Tomasz A (2001) Recruitment of the mecA gene homologue of Staphylococcus sciuri into a resistance determinant and expression of the resistant phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 183:2417–2424
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Raju, S., Oli, A.K., Patil, S.A. et al. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in diabetics clinical samples. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 26, 171–176 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0157-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0157-5