Abstract
Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is an aggressive invader that dominates wetlands throughout the US. We examined the effects of reed canary grass on wetland habitat, both vegetation canopy architecture and soil environment, and its impacts the arthropod community in an urban wetland in Portland, OR, USA. Reed canary grass dominance resulted in reduced vegetation canopy complexity through reductions in native vegetation diversity and canopy height. In addition, reed canary grass dominance significantly changed the wetland soil environment, decreasing soil organic content and increasing soil moisture. The arthropod community responded to these habitat changes, being distinct between plots dominated by reed canary grass and those dominated by native vegetation. In addition, diversity measures were significantly lower in plots dominated by reed canary grass. Variables describing both vegetation canopy complexity and soil environment were more important predictors than relative abundance of reed canary grass in multiple regression models developed for dominant arthropod taxa and community metrics. Our results suggest that the mechanism by which reed canary grass affects the wetland arthropod community is primarily indirect, through habitat changes, rather than by directly altering its food source.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Elaine Stewart at Portland Metro for allowing us to work at Smith and Bybee wetlands and for providing background information about the vegetation and history of this site. Tara Magginis at the University of Portland provided assistance with arthropod identification. Matthew McCary of the University of Illinois—Chicago provided helpful information for arthropod functional group classification. We would also like to thank the students and teaching assistants from the University of Portland Wetlands Ecology classes (2013–2015) for their inspiration to conduct this research and their assistance with fieldwork at Smith and Bybee wetlands. This research was funded by a M J Murdock Charitable Trust Life Science grant to University of Portland and the University of Portland College of Arts and Sciences.
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Appendix
Appendix
Multiple regression model output for sweepnet and pitfall arthropod community metrics, relative abundance, and overall community composition (NMDS axis scores) generated for order and morphospecies data. Only models with an R2 > 0.50 are presented. Community metric abbreviations: taxa richness (S), Shannon–Weaver diversity (H′), Simpson’s diversity (D), and Pileou’s evenness (J).
Estimate | SE | T | P | F | Df | P | R2 | Adj-R2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SN-all seasons | |||||||||
S-overall model | 2.24 | 1.77 | 1.26 | 0.218 | 21.1 | 2, 26 | 0.0000 | 0.62 | 0.59 |
Soil moisture (%) | –0.10 | 0.03 | –4.01 | 0.000 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | 0.29 | 0.08 | 3.41 | 0.002 | |||||
H′-overall model | 2.12 | 0.74 | 2.88 | 0.008 | 9.1 | 6, 22 | 0.0000 | 0.71 | 0.63 |
Total canopy cover (%) | –0.01 | 0.00 | –2.56 | 0.018 | |||||
Canopy height (cm) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.84 | 0.010 | |||||
Soil moisture (%) | –0.02 | 0.01 | –2.67 | 0.014 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.09 | 0.04 | –2.41 | 0.025 | |||||
J-overall model | 1.39 | 0.41 | 3.37 | 0.003 | 6.2 | 7, 21 | 0.0005 | 0.68 | 0.57 |
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –3.06 | 0.006 | |||||
Canopy height (cm) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.77 | 0.012 | |||||
Soil organic (%) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 2.18 | 0.041 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.13 | 0.04 | –3.21 | 0.004 | |||||
Pielou-overall model | 1.94 | 0.28 | 7.03 | 0.000 | 7.4 | 8, 19 | 0.0002 | 0.76 | 0.65 |
Total canopy cover (%) | –0.01 | 0.00 | –3.87 | 0.001 | |||||
Vegetation species richness | 0.08 | 0.03 | 2.72 | 0.014 | |||||
Canopy height (cm) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.40 | 0.027 | |||||
Soil organic (%) | 0.04 | 0.01 | 3.53 | 0.002 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.19 | 0.04 | –4.39 | 0.000 | |||||
Dominance-overall model | –0.34 | 0.41 | –0.83 | 0.415 | 5.0 | 7, 21 | 0.0019 | 0.62 | 0.50 |
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.84 | 0.010 | |||||
Canopy height (cm) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –2.18 | 0.041 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | 0.14 | 0.04 | 3.69 | 0.001 | |||||
Homoptera-overall model | 0.38 | 0.16 | 2.33 | 0.031 | 3.5 | 9, 19 | 0.0103 | 0.62 | 0.45 |
Reed canary grass (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –2.64 | 0.016 | |||||
Canopy height (cm) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 0.001 | |||||
Light extinction (%) | 0.31 | 0.13 | 2.38 | 0.028 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.09 | 0.03 | –3.42 | 0.003 | |||||
Diptera-overall model | –0.77 | 0.47 | –1.63 | 0.118 | 4.1 | 8, 20 | 0.0049 | 0.62 | 0.47 |
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 3.10 | 0.006 | |||||
Canopy height (cm) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –2.48 | 0.022 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | 0.17 | 0.05 | 3.63 | 0.002 | |||||
Aranae-overall model | 0.08 | 0.03 | 2.36 | 0.027 | 3.9 | 4, 24 | 0.0146 | 0.39 | 0.29 |
Reed canary grass (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –2.22 | 0.036 | |||||
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.39 | 0.002 | |||||
Collembola-overall model | 0.94 | 0.19 | 4.96 | 0.000 | 9.3 | 4, 24 | 0.0001 | 0.61 | 0.54 |
Reed canary grass (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.21 | 0.004 | |||||
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –3.11 | 0.005 | |||||
Soil organic (%) | 0.04 | 0.01 | 3.17 | 0.004 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.06 | 0.01 | –5.40 | 0.000 | |||||
Hymenoptera-overall model | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.781 | 14.1 | 6, 22 | 0.0000 | 0.79 | 0.74 |
Canopy height (cm) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.21 | 0.004 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.03 | 0.01 | –2.37 | 0.027 | |||||
Coleoptera-overall model | –0.23 | 0.10 | –2.37 | 0.026 | 4.9 | 3, 25 | 0.0084 | 0.37 | 0.29 |
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.33 | 0.028 | |||||
Vegetation species richness | 0.03 | 0.01 | 3.02 | 0.006 | |||||
Acarina-overall model | –0.03 | 0.06 | –0.43 | 0.670 | 3.2 | 4, 24 | 0.0302 | 0.35 | 0.24 |
Soil temperature (°C) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 2.11 | 0.046 | |||||
NMDS axis 1-overall model | 2.85 | 0.46 | 6.25 | 0.000 | 9.4 | 5, 22 | 0.0000 | 0.68 | 0.61 |
Total canopy cover (%) | –0.01 | 0.00 | –3.21 | 0.004 | |||||
Vegetation species richness | –0.15 | 0.05 | –3.27 | 0.004 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.09 | 0.03 | –3.40 | 0.003 | |||||
Soil moisture (%) | –0.03 | 0.01 | –2.28 | 0.033 | |||||
NMDS axis 2-overall model | –1.01 | 0.61 | –1.64 | 0.116 | 8.1 | 7, 20 | 0.0000 | 0.74 | 0.65 |
Reed canary grass (%) | –0.01 | 0.00 | –3.89 | 0.001 | |||||
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 3.56 | 0.002 | |||||
Vegetation species richness | –0.12 | 0.05 | –2.43 | 0.024 | |||||
Soil organic (%) | –0.05 | 0.02 | –2.68 | 0.014 | |||||
Soil moisture (%) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 3.28 | 0.004 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | 0.07 | 0.03 | 2.43 | 0.025 | |||||
PF-all seasons | |||||||||
S–overall model | –2.14 | 1.59 | –1.35 | 0.186 | 15.6 | 6, 35 | 0.0000 | 0.73 | 0.68 |
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 2.52 | 0.016 | |||||
Vegetation species richness | 0.69 | 0.20 | 3.51 | 0.001 | |||||
Canopy height (cm) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 2.35 | 0.024 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | 0.36 | 0.09 | 4.14 | 0.000 | |||||
H′-overall model | 2.15 | 0.45 | 4.77 | 0.000 | 6.7 | 5, 36 | 0.0002 | 0.48 | 0.41 |
Soil moisture (%) | –0.02 | 0.01 | –2.76 | 0.009 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.52 | 0.016 | |||||
J-overall model | 0.97 | 0.22 | 4.41 | 0.000 | 5.7 | 4, 37 | 0.0011 | 0.38 | 0.32 |
Soil temperature (°C) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 2.87 | 0.007 | |||||
Soil moisture (%) | –0.01 | 0.00 | –2.71 | 0.010 | |||||
Pielou-overall model | 1.14 | 0.24 | 4.74 | 0.000 | 2.2 | 2, 38 | 0.1297 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
Soil moisture (%) | –0.01 | 0.00 | –1.57 | 0.124 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.02 | 0.01 | –1.93 | 0.061 | |||||
Dominance-overall model | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.99 | 0.328 | 4.5 | 4, 37 | 0.0045 | 0.33 | 0.26 |
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.03 | 0.01 | –2.88 | 0.007 | |||||
Soil moisture (%) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 2.40 | 0.022 | |||||
Homoptera-overall model | 0.01 | 0.00 | 2.94 | 0.006 | 9.0 | 3, 38 | 0.0001 | 0.42 | 0.37 |
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –3.88 | 0.000 | |||||
canopy height (cm) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.51 | 0.001 | |||||
Diptera-overall model | 0.15 | 0.11 | 1.32 | 0.196 | 9.4 | 2, 39 | 0.0005 | 0.33 | 0.29 |
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.02 | 0.01 | –2.73 | 0.009 | |||||
Soil moisture (%) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 4.23 | 0.000 | |||||
Aranae-overall model | 0.30 | 0.05 | 5.59 | 0.000 | 7.5 | 2, 39 | 0.0018 | 0.28 | 0.24 |
RCG (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –2.88 | 0.006 | |||||
Soil moisture (%) | –0.01 | 0.00 | –3.35 | 0.002 | |||||
Collembola-overall model | 0.92 | 0.26 | 3.55 | 0.001 | 5.7 | 4, 37 | 0.0011 | 0.38 | 0.32 |
Light extinction (%) | –0.58 | 0.26 | –2.21 | 0.033 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.05 | 0.01 | –4.04 | 0.000 | |||||
Hymenoptera-overall model | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.64 | 0.528 | 6.7 | 3, 38 | 0.0010 | 0.35 | 0.29 |
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –3.06 | 0.004 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 3.64 | 0.001 | |||||
Soil moisture (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –2.28 | 0.028 | |||||
Coleoptera-overall model | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.91 | 0.372 | 15.2 | 5, 36 | 0.0000 | 0.68 | 0.63 |
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.23 | 0.032 | |||||
Soil organic (%) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 2.46 | 0.019 | |||||
Soil moisture (%) | –0.01 | 0.00 | –3.32 | 0.002 | |||||
Acarina-overall model | –1.37 | 0.30 | –4.52 | 0.000 | 9.8 | 7, 34 | 0.0000 | 0.67 | 0.60 |
Total canopy cover (%) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 3.49 | 0.001 | |||||
Canopy height (cm) | 0.00 | 0.00 | –2.84 | 0.007 | |||||
Soil organic (%) | –0.04 | 0.01 | –4.58 | 0.000 | |||||
Soil moisture (%) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 2.58 | 0.014 | |||||
Light extinction (%) | 0.66 | 0.18 | 3.68 | 0.001 | |||||
soil temperature (°C) | 0.05 | 0.01 | 5.38 | 0.000 | |||||
NMDS axis 1-overall model | 2.29 | 0.41 | 5.60 | 0.000 | 9.2 | 5, 36 | 0.0000 | 0.56 | 0.50 |
RCG (%) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 2.65 | 0.012 | |||||
Total canopy cover (%) | –0.01 | 0.00 | –3.23 | 0.003 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.10 | 0.02 | –5.93 | 0.000 | |||||
NMDS axis 2-overall model | 2.04 | 0.78 | 2.61 | 0.013 | 5.0 | 5, 36 | 0.0015 | 0.41 | 0.33 |
Soil organic (%) | 0.08 | 0.03 | 2.81 | 0.008 | |||||
Light extinction (%) | –1.08 | 0.50 | –2.15 | 0.039 | |||||
Soil temperature (°C) | –0.06 | 0.02 | –2.75 | 0.009 |
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Weilhoefer, C.L., Williams, D., Nguyen, I. et al. The effects of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) on wetland habitat and arthropod community composition in an urban freshwater wetland. Wetlands Ecol Manage 25, 159–175 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-016-9507-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-016-9507-x