Abstract
We investigated the influence of immobilization of bacterial cells and photocatalytic material TiO2 on the degradation of phenol by conducting batch microcosm studies consisting of suspended, immobilized cells and immobilized TiO2 at various initial phenol concentrations (50–1,000 mg L−1). Results showed that both suspended and immobilized cells were concentration-dependent, exhibiting the increasing degradation rate with the concentration of up to 500 mg L−1 above which it declined. The degradation rate of 0.39–3.47 mg L−1 h−1 by suspended cells was comparable with those of the literature. Comparison of the degradation rates between suspended, immobilized cells and immobilized TiO2 revealed that immobilized cells achieved the highest degradation rate followed by immobilized TiO2 and suspended cells due to the toxicity of phenol at the high concentration of 1,000 mg L−1. This indicates that immobilization of bacterial cells or photocatalytic materials can serve a better alternative to offer the higher degradation efficiency at high phenol concentrations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahamad, P. Y. A., & Kunhi, A. A. M. (2011). Enhanced degradation of phenol by Pseudomonas sp. CP4 entrapped in agar and calcium alginate beads in batch and continuous processes. Biodegradation, 22, 253–265.
Ahmed, S., Rasul, M. G., Martens, W. N., Brown, R., & Hashib, M. A. (2011). Advances in heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of phenols and dyes in wastewater: a review. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 215, 3–29.
Bandhyopadhyay, K., Das, D., Bhattacharyya, P., & Maiti, B. R. (2001). Reaction engineering studies on biodegradation of phenol by Pseudomonas putida MTCC 1194 immobilized on calcium alginate. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 8, 179–186.
Banerjee, A., & Ghoshal, A. K. (2010). Phenol degradation by Bacillus cereus: pathway and kinetic modeling. Bioresource Technology, 101, 5501–5507.
Banerjee, A., & Ghoshal, A. K. (2011). Phenol degradation performance by isolated Bacillus cereus immobilized in alginate. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 65, 1052–1060.
Chen, C. Y., Chen, S. C., Fingas, M., & Kao, C. M. (2010). Biodegradation of propionitrile by Klebsiella oxytoca immobilized in alginate and cellulose triacetate gel. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 177, 856–863.
Chen, Y. M., Lin, T. F., Huang, C., Lin, J. C., & Hsieh, F. M. (2007). Degradation of phenol and TCE using suspended and chitosan-bead immobilized Pseudomonas putida. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 148, 660–670.
Chiavola, A., Baciocchi, R., & Barducci, F. (2010). 3-chlorophenol biodegradation in a sequencing batch reactor: kinetic study and effect of the filling time. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 212, 219–229.
Chiou, C. H., Wu, C. Y., & Juang, R. S. (2008). Photocatalytic degradation of phenol and m-nitrophenol using irradiated TiO2 in aqueous solutions. Separation and Purification Technology, 62, 559–564.
Chung, T. P., Tseng, H. Y., & Juang, R. S. (2003). Mass transfer effect and intermediate detection for phenol degradation in immobilized Pseudomonas putida systems. Process Biochemistry, 38, 1497–1507.
Heipieper, H. J., Keweloh, H., & Rehm, H. J. (1991). Influence of phenols on growth and membrane permeability of free and immobilized Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 1213–1217.
Hsieh, F. M., Huang, C., Lin, T. F., Chen, Y. M., & Lin, J. C. (2008). Study of sodium tripolyphosphate-crosslinked chitosan beads entrapped with Pseudomonas putida for phenol degradation. Process Biochemistry, 43, 83–92.
Keweloh, H., Weyrauch, G., & Rehm, H. J. (1990). Phenol-induced membrane changes in free and immobilized Escherichia coli. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33, 66–71.
Li, Y., Li, J., Wang, C., & Wang, P. (2010). Growth kinetics and phenol biodegradation of psychrotrophic Pseudomonas putida LY1. Bioresource Technology, 101, 6740–6744.
Liu, Q. S., Zheng, T., Wang, P., Jiang, J. P., & Li, N. (2010). Adsorption isotherm, kinetic and mechanism studies of some substituted phenols on activated carbon fibers. Chemical Engineering Journal, 157, 348–356.
Mollaei, M., Abdollahpour, S., Atashqahi, S., Abbasi, H., Masoomi, F., Rad, I., et al. (2010). Enhanced phenol degradation by Pseudomonas sp. SA01: gaining insight into the novel single and hybrid immobilizations. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175, 284–292.
Pardeshi, S. K., & Patil, A. B. (2008). A simple route for photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqeous zinc oxide suspension using solar energy. Solar Energy, 82, 700–705.
Saez, J. M., Benimeli, C. S., & Amoroso, M. J. (2012). Lindane removal by pure and mixed cultures of immobilized actinobacteria. Chemosphere, 89, 982–987.
Salah, N. H., Bouhelassa, M., Bekkouche, S., & Boultif, A. (2004). Study of photocatalytic degradation of phenol. Desalination, 166, 347–354.
Santos, V. L. D., Monteiro, A. D. S., Braga, D. T., & Santoro, M. M. (2009). Phenol degradation by Aureobasidium pullulans FE13 isolated from industrial effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161, 1413–1420.
Saravanan, P., Pakshirajan, K., & Saha, P. (2009). Degradation of phenol by TiO2-based heterogeneous photocatalysts in presence of sunlight. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 3, 45–50.
Saritha, P., Raj, D. S. S., Aparna, C., Laxmi, P. N. V. L., Himabindu, V., & Anjaneyulu, Y. (2009). Degradative oxidation of 2,4,6 trichlorophenol using advanced oxidation processes—a comparative study. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 200, 169–179.
Shi, Y. J., Wang, X. H., Qi, Z., Diao, M. H., Gao, M. M., Xing, S. F., et al. (2011). Sorption and biodegradation of tetracycline by nitrifying granules and the toxicity of tetracycline on granules. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 191, 103–109.
Shourian, M., Noghabi, K. A., Zahiri, H. S., Bagheri, T., Karballaei, G., Mollaei, M., et al. (2009). Efficient phenol degradation by a newly characterized Pseudomonas sp. SA01 isolated from pharmaceutical wastewaters. Desalination, 246, 577–594.
Tryba, B., Morawski, A. W., Inagaki, M., & Toyoda, M. (2006). The kinetics of phenol decomposition under UV irradiation with and without H2O2 on TiO2, Fe-TiO2 and Fe-C-TiO2 photocatalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 63, 215–221.
Tsai, S. Y., & Juang, R. S. (2006). Biodegradation of phenol and sodium salicylate mixtures by suspended Pseudomonas putida CCRC 14365. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B138, 125–132.
Yang, C. F., & Lee, C. M. (2007). Enrichment, isolation, and characterization of phenol-degrading Pseudomonas resinovorans strain P-1 and Brevibacillus sp. Strain P-6. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 59, 206–210.
Acknowledgments
This research was partly supported by the Ministry of Knowledge and Economy, Republic of Korea, under the green manufacturing program on semiconductor and display industry supervised by the National IT Industry Promotion Agency (NIPA-B1100-1101-0002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Park, MR., Kim, DJ., Choi, JW. et al. Influence of Immobilization of Bacterial Cells and TiO2 on Phenol Degradation. Water Air Soil Pollut 224, 1473 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1473-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1473-9