Abstract
Mixed metals in the cropped lands in central Taiwan contaminated about 230 ha. According to the Soil and Groundwater Protection Remediation Act (SGWR Act) of Taiwan, these lands were restored. However, some grains of paddy rice grown in these remediated soils still contained more than 0.5 mg Cd kg−1, which the Department of Health of Taiwan notified as the maximum allowable Cd content in rice. The suitability of planting edible crops in these soils is now in doubt. Brassica rapa is the crop most often sold in Taiwan's market and is planted in the interval between the first and second stages of planting of paddy rice, especially in central Taiwan where this experiment was conducted. A pot experiment was conducted using soils contaminated artificially with Cd or both Cd and Pb. The soil was then amended with 5% of biosolid and followed by planting of B. rapa. The objectives were to study the effect of biosolid amendment on the soil and the interaction between Cd and Pb on the growth of and Cd accumulation in B. rapa. Experimental result showed that the biomass and the accumulation of Cd by B. rapa were significantly increased in the biosolid-amended soils compared with the control. Lead has a synergistic effect on enhancing the accumulation of Cd by B. rapa grown in artificially Cd-contaminated soils.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adriano, D. C. (1986). Cadmium. In D. C. Adriano (Ed.), Trace elements in the terrestrial environment (pp. 106–155). New York, NY: Springer.
Alloway, B. J. (1995). Heavy metals in soils. Glasgow, UK: Blackie Academic & Professional.
Bidwell, A. M., & Dowdy, R. H. (1987). Cadmium and zinc availability to corn following termination of sewage sludge applications. Journal of Environmental Quality, 16, 438–442.
Blaylock, M. J., Salt, D. E., Dushenkov, S., Zakharova, O., Gussman, C., Kapulnik, Y., et al. (1997). Enhanced accumulation of Pb in Indian mustard by soil-applied chelating agents. Environment Science and Technology, 31, 860–865.
Brallier, S., Harrison, R. B., Henry, C. L., & Dongsen, X. (1996). Liming effects on availability of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in a soil amended with sewage sludge 16 years previously. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 86, 195–206.
Carlson, R. W., & Bazzaz, F. A. (1977). Growth reduction in American sycamore (Plantanus occidentalis L.) caused by Pb–Cd interaction. Environmental Pollution, 12, 243–253.
Carlson, R. W., & Rolfe, G. L. (1979). Growth of ryegrass and fescue as affected by lead–cadmium–fertilizer interaction. Journal of Environmental Quality, 8, 348–352.
Corey, R. B., King, L. D., Hing, C. L., Fanning, D. S., Street, J. J., & Walker, J. M. (1987). Effects of sludge properties on accumulation of trace elements by crops. In A. L. Page, et al. (Eds.), Land application of sludge (pp. 25–51). Chelsea, MI: Lewis.
EPA/Taiwan. (2002). The digestion methods of heavy metal in soils by aqua regia, method code no: NIEA S321.62C. Taipei, Taiwan: Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan ROC.
Epstein, E. (2003). Land application of sewage sludge and biosolids. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
Gardiner, D. T., Miller, R. W., Badamchian, B., Azzari, A. S., & Sisson, D. R. (1995). Effects of repeated sewage sludge application on plant accumulation of heavy metal. Agriculture and Ecosystem Environment, 55, 1–6.
Gardner, W. H. (1986). Water content. In A. Klute, et al. (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical method (2nd ed., pp. 493–544). Madison, WI: Agronomy Monograph 9.
Gee, G. W., & Bauder, J. W. (1986). Particle-size analysis. In A. Klute, et al. (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical method (2nd ed., pp. 383–412). Madison, WI: Agronomy Monograph 9.
Harmon, M. E., & Lajtha, K. (1999). Analysis of detritus and organic horizons for mineral and organic constitutes. In G. P. Robertson, D. C. Coleman, C. S. Bledsoe & P. Sollins (Eds.), Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research (pp. 143–165). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Hassett, J. J., Miller, J. E., & Koeppe, D. E. (1976). Interaction of lead and cadmium on maize root growth and uptake of lead and cadmium by roots. Environmental Pollution, 11, 297–302.
Jarvis, S. C., Jones, H. P., & Hopper, M. J. (1976). Cadmium uptake from solution by plants and its transport from roots to shoots. Plant and Soil, 44, 179–191.
Jing, J., & Logan, T. J. (1992). Effects of sewage sludge cadmium concentration on chemical extractability and plant uptake. Journal of Environmental Quality, 21, 73–81.
Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme (2002). Distribution of the Report of the Thirty-Fourth Session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (Alinorm 03/12). Rome.
Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. (2001). Trace elements in soils and plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
Lai, H. Y., & Chen, Z. S. (2006). The influence of EDTA application on the interactions of cadmium, zinc, and lead and their uptake of rainbow pink (Dianthus chinensis). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137, 1710–1718.
Lai, H. Y., Su, S. W., Lin, C. C., & Chen, Z. S. (2007). A study on the recovery of soil fertility of two metal-contaminated soils after treating with soil acid washing. Journal of Science and Technology (National Yunlin University of Science and Technology), 16, 39–46.
Lock, K., & Janssen, C. R. (2003). Influence of ageing on zinc bioavailability in soils. Environmental Pollution, 126, 371–374.
McBride, M. B. (1995). Toxic metal accumulation from agricultural use of sludge: are USEPA regulations protective? Journal of Environmental Quality, 24, 5–18.
McKenna, I. M., Chaney, R. L., & Williams, F. M. (1993). The effects of cadmium and zinc interactions on the accumulation and tissue distribution of zinc and cadmium in lettuce and spinach. Environmental Pollution, 79, 113–120.
McLean, E. O. (1982). Soil pH and lime requirement. In A. L. Page, et al. (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed., pp. 199–224). Madison, WI: Agronomy Monograph 9.
Naidu, R., Kookana, R. S., Sumner, M. E., Harter, R. D., & Tiller, K. G. (1997). Cadmium sorption and transport in variable charge soils: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 26, 602–607.
Nelson, D. W., & Sommers, L. E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In A. L. Page, et al. (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed., pp. 539–580). Madison, WI: Agronomy Monograph 9.
Nogales, R., Gallardo-Lara, F., Benitez, E., Soto, J., Hervas, D., & Polo, A. (1997). Metal extractability and availability in a soil after heavy application of either nickel or lead in different forms. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 94, 33–44.
NRC (National Research Council). (1996). Use of reclaimed water and sludge in food crop production. Washington, DC: National Academies.
Oberle, S. L., & Keeney, D. R. (1994). Interactions of sewage sludge with soil–crop–water systems. In C. E. Clapp, W. E. Larson & R. H. Dowdy (Eds.), Sewage sludge: land utilization and the environment. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA.
Peterson, A. E., Speth, P. E., Corvey, R. B., Wright, T. H., & Schlecht, P. L. (1994). Effect of twelve years of liquid digested sludge application on the soil phosphorus level. In C. E. Clapp, et al. (Eds.), Sewage sludge: land utilization and the environment (pp. 237–247). Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA.
Pichtel, J., & Anderson, M. (1997). Trace metal bioavailability in municipal solid waste and sewage sludge composts. Bioresource Technology, 60, 223–229.
Planquart, P., Bonin, G., Prone, A., & Massiani, C. (1999). Distribution, movement and plant availability of trace metals in soils amended with sewage sludge composts, application to low metal loadings. Science of the Total Environment, 241, 161–179.
Rhoades, J. K. (1982). Cation exchange capacity. In A. L. Page, et al. (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed., pp. 149–158). Madison, WI: Agronomy Monograph 9.
US EPA. (1999). Biosolids generation, use, and disposal in the United States. Washington, DC: Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Division, Office of Solid Waste, EPA 530-R-99-009.
Vlamis, J., Willams, D. E., Corey, J. E., Page, A. L., & Ganje, T. J. (1985). Zinc and cadmium uptake by barley in field plots fertilized seven years with urban and suburban sludge. Soil Science, 139, 81–87.
Vig, K., Megharaj, M., Sethunathan, N., & Naidu, R. (2003). Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: a review. Advanced Environmental Research, 8, 121–135.
Wong, J. W. C., Lai, K. M., Su, D. S., & Fang, M. (2001). Availability of heavy metals for Brassica chinensis growth in an acidic loamy soil amended with a domestic and an industrial sewage sludge. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 128, 339–353.
Wong, J. W. C., Li, G. X., & Wong, M. H. (1996). The growth of Brassica chinensis in heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge compost from Hong Kong. Bioresource Technology, 58, 309–313.
Wu, F., Zhang, G., Dominy, P., Wu, H., & Bachir, D. M. L. (2007). Differences in yield components and kernel Cd accumulation in response to Cd toxicity in four barley genotypes. Chemosphere, 70, 83–92.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, HL., Lai, HY., Wang, SM. et al. Effect of Biosolids and Cd/Pb Interaction on the Growth and Cd Accumulation of Brassica rapa Grown in Cd-Contaminated Soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 206, 385–394 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0114-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0114-9