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The Development of Grassroots Chinese NGOs Following the Wenchuan Earthquake of 2008: Three Case Studies, Four Modi Vivendi

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Abstract

Many analysts consider 2008 to have been “NGO year zero” for China, as the relief and reconstruction process following the Wenchuan earthquake witnessed a significant surge in NGO activity. This study traces the development trajectory of three NGOs in Y City over the eight years since the area was severely struck by the Wenchuan earthquake. These NGOs actively assisted in the post-disaster recovery. By the time the reconstruction was complete, they had translated their distinct resources, development plans, and relationships with local government into different approaches to helping the local community. This study proposes an interactive model that captures the nuanced dynamics over time on both sides of the NGO–local government relationships. The model focuses on variations in NGOs’ orientations and bargaining power. This yields a matrix with four elementary types of relationship: “parent-–child,” “mercantile,” “predator–prey,” and alienated relationships. These interaction patterns and their effects are clearly seen in the case studies.

Résumé

Plusieurs analystes jugent que 2008 fut «l’an zéro des ONG» de Chine, alors que le processus de secours et de reconstruction amorcé aux suites du tremblement de terre de Wenchuan coïncida avec la hausse importante des activités de ces organismes. La présente étude retrace la création de trois ONG de Y City au cours des huit dernières années, une région gravement dévastée par le tremblement de terre de Wenchuan. Ces ONG ont activement participé au rétablissement après désastre. Une fois la reconstruction terminée, ils avaient transformé leurs ressources, plans de développement et relations avec le gouvernement local distincts en approches différentes d’aide à la communauté locale. La présente étude propose un modèle interactif capable de recueillir les dynamiques nuancées dans le temps des deux côtés des relations entre les ONG et le gouvernement local. Ce modèle se concentre sur les écarts dans les orientations et le pouvoir de négociation des ONG. Une matrice à quatre types élémentaires de relations en émerge: «parent–enfant», «mercantile», «prédateur–proie» et relations aliénées. Ces modèles d’interactions et leurs effets sont clairement observés dans les études de cas.

Zusammenfassung

Viele Analysten erachten 2008 als das „Jahr Null für NROs“in China, als es im Rahmen der Hilfs- und Wiederaufbauprozesse nach dem Erdbeben in Sichuan zu einem erheblichen Anstieg der Tätigkeiten von Nichtregierungsorganisationen kam. Diese Studie verfolgt die Entwicklung von drei NROs in Y-Stadt über einen Zeitraum von acht Jahren, nachdem die Region schwer von dem Sinchuan-Erdbeben getroffen worden war. Diese NROs halfen aktiv bei den Wiederaufbauarbeiten nach der Katastrophe mit. Zu dem Zeitpunkt, als der Wiederaufbau beendet war, hatten sie ihre eigenen Ressourcen, Entwicklungspläne und Beziehungen zur lokalen Regierung in unterschiedliche Ansätze übertragen, um der lokalen Gemeinde zu helfen. Die Studie schlägt ein interaktives Modell vor, dass die differenzierten Dynamiken im Laufe der Zeit auf beiden Seiten der Beziehung zwischen den NROs und der lokalen Regierung erfasst. Das Modell konzentriert sich auf die unterschiedlichen Orientierungen und Verhandlungsstärken der NROs. Daraus entsteht eine Matrix mit vier elementaren Beziehungstypen: „Eltern-Kind-“, „merkantile“, „Räuber-Beute-“und entfremdete Beziehungen. Diese Interaktionsmuster und ihre Effekte sind in den Fallstudien deutlich zu sehen.

Resumen

Muchos analistas consideran que 2008 ha sido el “Año cero de las ONG” en China, ya que el proceso de socorro y reconstrucción tras el terremoto de Wenchuan fue testigo de un resurgimiento significativo en la actividad de las ONG. El presente estudio sigue el rastro de la trayectoria de desarrollo de tres ONG en la ciudad de Y a lo largo de ocho años desde que la zona fue duramente golpeada por el terremoto de Wenchuan. Estos ONG ayudaron activamente en la recuperación posterior al desastre. Para cuando la reconstrucción hubo terminado, habían convertido sus diferentes recursos, planes de desarrollo y relaciones con el gobierno local en diferentes enfoques para ayudar a la comunidad local. El presente estudio propone un modelo interactivo que captura la dinámica matizada a lo largo del tiempo en ambos lados de las relaciones ONG-gobierno local. El modelo se centra en las variaciones en las orientaciones de las ONG y el poder de negociación. Esto da lugar a una matriz con cuatro tipos elementales de relación: relaciones “padre-hijo”, “mercantil”, “predador-presa” y alienada. Estos patrones de interacción y sus efectos se ven con claridad en los estudios de casos.

Chinese

许多观察者都将2008年视为中国的“NGO元年”,因为汶川地震后的救灾和重建使得NGO十分活跃。本研究跟踪经历汶川大地震后,Y市的三家NGO在过去八年的发展轨迹。这些NGO积极帮助灾后恢复工作。完成重建后,它们将独特的资源、开发计划和与当地政府的关系转化为帮助当地社区的不同方法。本研究采用交互式模型,了解NGO-当地政府随时间变化的微妙关系。该模式专注于NGO目标定位和谈判能力的差异。由此得出带四种基本关系类型的矩阵:“父级–子级关系”,“商业关系”,“捕食者-食饵关系”和“疏远的关系”。案例研究具体描述这些交互模式及其影响。

Arabic

يرى كثير من المحللين عام 2008 ليكون “للمنظمة الغير حكومية (NGO) عام صفر” للصين، حيث أن عملية الإغاثة وإعادة الإعمار في أعقاب زلزال (Wenchuan) شهدت زيادة كبيرة في نشاط المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGO). هذه الدراسة تتبع مسار التنمية لثلاث منظمات غير حكومية (NGOs) في Y مدينة على مدى ثماني سنوات منذ المنطقة التي تم قصفها بزلزال (Wenchuan). هذه المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs) ساعدت بنشاط في الإنتعاش بعد الكوارث. بحلول الوقت كان إعادة البناء كامل، فإنها ترجمت مواردها المتميزة، خطط التنمية، والعلاقات مع الحكومة المحلية في نهج مختلف لمساعدة المجتمع المحلي. تقترح هذه الدراسة نموذج تفاعلي يلتقط ديناميكيات مختلفة بعض الشيء مع مرورالوقت على كل الجانبين من علاقات الحكومة- المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGO) المحلية. يركز هذا النموذج على الإختلافات في توجهات المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs) والقدرة على المساومة. هذا يؤدي إلى نسيج من أربعة أنواع إبتدائية من العلاقة: “الأم - الطفل”، “تجاري”، “المفترس والفريسة”، والعلاقات بالغربة. ينظر إلى هذه الأنماط التفاعلية وآثارها بوضوح في دراسات الحالة.

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Acknowledgements

The author gratefully acknowledges the Yale MacMillan Center, the Yale Council for East Asian Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University Faculty Research Grant (FRG1/13-14/043), and the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (HKBU 22400214-ECS) for providing financial support for fieldwork in Sichuan Province, China between 2008 and 2016. The author also thanks Chan Hei Yin Kyle for his excellent research assistance.

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Kang, Y. The Development of Grassroots Chinese NGOs Following the Wenchuan Earthquake of 2008: Three Case Studies, Four Modi Vivendi. Voluntas 28, 1648–1672 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9837-1

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