Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Literature Review and Development of a Theoretical Model for Understanding Commitment Experienced by Volunteers Over the Life of a Project

  • original Paper
  • Published:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Employee commitment to an organisation is accepted as an important concept in organisation psychology. Yet commitment to a project on which an employee might be working is largely unknown. Additional complications arise when the project makes use of volunteers who donate their time for reasons other than pecuniary reward. The relationships between volunteers, organisations and projects represent a gap in the field of organisational commitment knowledge. This paper identifies from literature the values that inform and influence volunteer commitment levels. Known antecedents of commitment are developed to present a model which encapsulates the variables that should be recognised as influencing volunteer commitment levels within a project context. The paper proposes a conceptual model of volunteer commitment to a project using three categories of commitment: emotional, purposeful and contextual, and concludes that the next phase of the study will test this model and develop a tool that will enable the measurement of volunteer commitment in a project context.

Résumé

L’engagement des employés envers une organisation est reconnu comme un concept essentiel de la psychologie organisationnelle. L’engagement envers un projet auquel un employé pourrait participer est pour sa part largement inconnu. Des complications supplémentaires apparaissent si ledit projet fait appel à des bénévoles qui consacrent leur temps pour d’autres raisons que les récompenses pécuniaires. Les relations entre les bénévoles, organisations et projets représentent un vide dans le champ des connaissances acquises en matière d’engagement organisationnel. Cet article puise dans la documentation les valeurs qui informent et influencent les niveaux d’engagement des bénévoles. Des antécédents réputés d’engagement sont développés pour présenter un modèle englobant les variables qui devraient être reconnues comme influençant les niveaux d’engagement dans le cadre d’un projet. L’article propose un modèle conceptuel de l’engagement bénévole envers un projet à l’aide de trois catégories d’engagement : émotif, intentionnel et contextuel. Il conclut que la prochaine phase de l’étude mettra ce modèle à l’essai et élaborera un outil qui permettra de mesurer l’engagement volontaire dans le cadre d’un projet.

Zusammenfassung

Die Verpflichtung von Mitarbeitern gegenüber einer Organisation wird als ein wichtiges Konzept in der Organisationspsychologie anerkannt. Doch die Verpflichtung eines Mitarbeiters gegenüber einem Arbeitsprojekt ist weitgehend unbekannt. Es wird noch komplizierter, wenn Ehrenamtliche an dem Projekt arbeiten, die ihre Zeit aus anderen Gründen als eine geldliche Entlohnung opfern. Die Beziehungen zwischen ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeitern, Organisationen und Projekten bilden eine Lücke in den Erkenntnissen zur organisatorischen Verpflichtung. Der vorliegende Beitrag ermittelt aus der Literatur die Werte, die das Maß der Verpflichtung Ehrenamtlicher beeinflussen. Man entwickelt bekannte Antezedenzien der Verpflichtung, um ein Modell zu präsentieren, das die Variablen einkapselt, die als Einflussfaktoren für das Maß der Verpflichtung Ehrenamtlicher im Projektkontext verstanden werden sollten. Es wird ein Konzeptmodell zur Verpflichtung von Ehrenamtlichen gegenüber einem Projekt vorgeschlagen, wobei drei Verpflichtungskategorien zugrunde gelegt werden: emotional, zweckorientiert und kontextabhängig. Abschließend wird darauf eingegangen, dass die nächste Studienphase dieses Modell testen und ein Instrument entwickeln wird, das die Messung der Verpflichtung Ehrenamtlicher im Projektkontext ermöglicht.

Resumen

El compromiso del empleado con una organización se acepta como un concepto importante en la psicología de la organización. Sin embargo, el compromiso con un proyecto en el que un empleado puede estar trabajando se desconoce ampliamente. Surgen complicaciones adicionales cuando el proyecto hace uso de voluntarios que donan su tiempo por motivos diferentes a una recompensa pecuniaria. Las relaciones entre voluntarios, organizaciones y proyectos representan un vacío en el campo del conocimiento del compromiso organizativo. El presente documento identifica, a partir del material publicado, los valores que informan e influyen en los niveles de compromiso de los voluntarios. Se desarrollan antecedentes conocidos del compromiso para presentar un modelo que encapsula las variables que debería reconocerse que influyen en los niveles de compromiso de los voluntarios dentro del contexto de un proyecto. El presente documento propone un modelo conceptual del compromiso de los voluntarios con un proyecto utilizando tres categorías de compromiso: emocional, propositivo y contextual, y concluye que la siguiente fase del estudio pondrá a prueba este modelo y desarrollará una herramienta que permitirá la medición del compromiso de los voluntarios en el contexto de un proyecto.

摘要

对某一组织而言,员工忠诚度被视为组织心理学的重要概念。然而,对某位员工执行的项目的忠诚度尚未可知。如果项目包含非为金钱奖励而工作的志愿者,问题便更为复杂。志愿者、组织和项目之间的关系代表着对组织承诺认知的差距。本文引证相关文献,确认了认知和影响志愿者忠诚度水平的价值观。已知的忠诚度先例作为概述影响某一项目背景下志愿者忠诚度水平的变量的范例。本文利用三种忠诚度列出了一种志愿者项目忠诚度概念模型,即情感、意志和情境忠诚度,最终认定,研究的下一阶段是测试这一模型,生成一种能够衡量志愿者项目忠诚度的工具。

ملخص

تم قبول تعهد الموظف إلى أي منظمة كمفهوم هام في علم نفس المنظمة. حتى الآن التعهد للمشروع الذي قد يكون الموظف يعمل فيه غير معروف إلى حد كبير. تنشأ تعقيدات إضافية عندما يقوم المشروع ابإستخدام المتطوعين الذين يتبرعون بوقتهم لأسباب أخرى غير مكافأة مالية. العلاقات بين المتطوعين٬ المنظمات والمشاريع تمثل ثغرة في مجال معرفة التعهد التنظيمي. تحدد هذه المقالة من الأدب القيم التي تقوم بتقديم و تؤثر على مستويات تعهد المتطوعين. يتم تطوير سلالات التعهد المعروفة لتقديم النموذج الذي يغلف المتغيرات التي يجب الإعتراف بها كمؤثر على مستويات إلتزام المتطوعين في سياق المشروع. تقترح المقالة النموذج المفاهيمي لتعهد المتطوعين للمشروع بإستخدام ثلاث فئات من التعهد: العاطفي، الهادف والسياقي، ويستخلص أن المرحلة المقبلة من الدراسة سوف تختبرهذا النموذج ووضع أداة من شأنها أن تمكن من قياس تعهد المتطوعين في سياق المشروع

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behavior. Chicago: Dorsey Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioural control, self-efficacy, locus of control and the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alfes, K., Shantz, A., & Saksida, A. (2014). Committed to whom? Unraveling how relational job design influences volunteers’ turnover intentions and time spent volunteering. Voluntas. doi:10.1007/s11266-014-9526-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, N. (1987). The role of social and organizational factors in the evaluation of volunteer programs. Evaluation and Program Planning, 10, 257–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashforth, B., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bang, H., Odio, M., & Reio, T. (2014). The moderating role of brand reputation and moral obligation. Journal of Management Development, 33(4), 282–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barczak, G., & McDonough, E. F. (2003, July). The role of trust and project commitment in new product development teams. In Portland international conference on Management of engineering and technology, 2003. PICMET’03. Technology management for reshaping the world, IEEE (pp. 274–281).

  • Batson, C. D. (2011). Altruism in humans. Oxford University Press.

  • Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the Concept of Commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, P. L., Dehority, J., Garman, L., Hanson, E., Hochschwender, M., & Lebold, C. (1980). Intrapersonal correlates of nonspontaneous helping behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 110, 87–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blomme, R., van Rheede, A., & Tromp, D. (2010). The use of the psychological contract to explain turnover intentions in the hospitality industry: A research study on the impact of gender on the turnover intentions of highly educated employees. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 144–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boezeman, E., & Ellemers, N. (2009). Intrinsic need satisfaction and the job attitudes of volunteers versus employees working in a charitable volunteer organisation. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 82, 897–914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bortree, D., & Waters, R. (2014). Race and inclusion in volunteerism: Using communication theory to improve volunteer retention. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(3), 215–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, H. K., Clark, K., Holloway, C., & Wheelwright, S. (1994). The Perpetual enterprise machine: Seven keys to corporate renewal through successful product and process development. Oxford University Press on Demand.

  • Brockner, J., Siegel, P. A., Daly, J. P., Tyler, T., & Martin, C. (1997). When trust matters: The moderating effect of outcome favorability. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3), 558–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryen, L. M., & Madden, K. M. (2006). Bounce-back of episodic volunteers: What makes episodic volunteers return? Working Paper No. CPNS 32. QUT.

  • Buchanan, B. (1974). Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catano, V. M., Pond, M., & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Exploring commitment and leadership in volunteer organisations. Leadership and Organisation Development, 22, 256–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chacón, F., Vecina, M., & Dávila, M. (2007). The three-stage model of volunteers’ duration of service. Social Behaviour and Personality, 35(5), 627–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu, Y. C. (2010). An introduction to the history of project management from the earliest times to A.D. 1900. Deflt: Eburon Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clary, E. G., & Orenstein, L. (1991). The amount and effectiveness of help: The relationship of motives and abilities to helping behaviour. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 58–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clary, E., Snyder, M., Ridge, R., Copeland, J., Stukas, A., Haugen, J., et al. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1516–1530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cnaan, R. A., & Handy, F. (2005). Towards understanding episodic volunteering. Vrijwillige Inzet Onderzocht, 2(1), 29–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danson, M. (2003). Review of research and evidence on volunteering. Stirling: Volunteer Development Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawley, D., Stephens, R., & Stephens, D. (2005). Dimensionality of organisational commitment in volunteer workers: Chamber of commerce board members and role fulfilment. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 67, 511–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delaney, S. (2014). Making a big deal out of it: Understanding volunteer management through applying psychological contract theory. In Voluntary sector and volunteering research conference, new researchers’ sessions.

  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. (2001). The job demands resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinsmore, P. C., & Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2006). The AMA handbook of project management. New York: AMACOM, Div. American Mgmt. Assn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drucker, P. F. (1999). Knowledge-worker productivity: The biggest challenge. California Management Review, 41(2), 79–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J., Chambers, S. K., & Hyde, M. K. (2015). Systematic review of motives for episodic volunteering. Voluntas, 27(1), 425–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, D., Grimm R., Maynard, S., & Washburn, S. (2009) The new volunteer workforce. Stanford Social Innovation Review Winter 2009. Leland Stanford Jr. University, Stanford, CA

  • Finkelstein, M. (2008). Volunteer satisfaction and volunteer action: A function approach. Social Behaviour and Personality, 36(1), 9–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gagne, M., & Deci, E. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 26, 331–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenslade, J., & White, K. (2005). The prediction of above-average participation in volunteerism: A test of the theory of planned behavior and the volunteers functions inventory in older Australian adults. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(2), 155–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grube, J., & Piliavin, J. (2000). Role identity, organisational experiences, and volunteer performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(9), 1108–1119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Güntert, S., Neufeing, M., & Wehner, T. (2014). Motives for event volunteering: extending the function approach. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. doi:10.1177/0899764014527797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haivas, S., Hofmans, J., & Pepermans, R. (2012). Self-determination theory as a framework for exploring the impact of the organisational context on volunteer motivation: A study of Romanian volunteers. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 20(10), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, D. T., Schneider, B., & Nygren, H. T. (1970). Personal factors in organizational identification. Administrative Science Quarterly., 15, 176–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handy, F., Brodeur, N., & Cnaan, R. (2006). Summer on the island: Episodic volunteering. Voluntary Action, 7(1), 31–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, C., & Van Vugt, M. (2006). Nice guys finish first: The competitive altruism hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), 1402–1413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harré, N., & Bullen, P. (2010). Personal project commitment in adolescence: The role of relatedness, competence and integrity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2), 235–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartenian, L., & Lilly, B. (2009). Egoism and commitment: A multidimensional approach to understanding sustained volunteering. Journal of Managerial Issues, 21(1), 97–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoegl, M., Weinkauf, K., & Gemuenden, H. G. (2004). Interteam coordination, project commitment, and teamwork in multiteam R&D projects: A longitudinal study. Organization Science, 15(1), 38–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hustinx, L., & Lammertyn, F. (2003). Collective and reflexive styles of volunteering: A sociological modernization perspective. Voluntas, 14(2), 167–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huynh, J., & Metzer, J. (2008). The application of the job demands resources model in predicting stress and satisfaction in volunteer populations: A literature review. Australian Journal on Volunteering, 13, 49–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huynh, J., Metzer, J., & Winefield, A. (2012). Engaged or connected? A perspective of the motivational pathway of the job demands-resources model in volunteers working for non-profit organisations. Voluntas, 23, 870–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, M. K., Dunn, J., Bax, C., & Chambers, S. K. (2014). Episodic volunteering and retention an integrated theoretical approach. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. doi:10.1177/0899764014558934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanter, R. M. (1968). Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities. American Sociological Review, 33, 499–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D. (1960). The functional approach to the study of attitudes. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 24(2), 163–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keegan, A., & Turner, J. (2003). Managing human resources in the project based organisation. In J. Turner (Ed.), People in project management. Aldershot: Gower.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., & Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences of individual’s fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organisation, person-group, and person-supervisor fit. Personnel Psychology, 58, 281–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewig, K., Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A., Dollard, M., & Metzer, J. (2007). Burnout and connectedness among Australian volunteers: A test of the job demands-resources model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 429–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macduff, N. (1990). Episodic volunteers: Reality for the future. Voluntary Action Leadership, 15, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macduff, N. (2005). Societal changes and the rise of the episodic volunteer. In J Brudney (Ed.), Emerging areas of volunteering (Vol. 1, pp. 49–61). Association for Research on Nonprofit Organisations and Voluntary Action.

  • Mathieu, J., & Zajac, D. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates and consequences of organisational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J., Becker, T., & Van Dick, R. (2006). Social identities and commitment at work: Toward an integrative model. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 27, 665–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J. P., Becker, T., & Vandenberghe, C. (2004). Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 991–1007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organisation: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omoto, A., & Snyder, M. (1995). Sustained helping without obligation: Motivation, longevity of service and perceived attitude change among AIDS volunteers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 671–686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, J. L. (1993). Volunteers: The organizational behavior of unpaid workers. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perloff, T. (2016). Survivor guilt: The secret burden of survivorship. Lung Cancer Alliance. Retrieved November 17, 2016 from http://www.lungcanceralliance.org/Survivor%20Guilt.%20Final%202015.pdf.

  • Pinto, M. B., Pinto, J. K., & Prescott, J. E. (1993). Antecedents and consequences of project team cross-functional cooperation. Management Science, 39(10), 1281–1297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PMI. (2000). Guide to the project management body of knowledge. Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, W. (2000). Identity structure, narrative accounts, and commitment to a volunteer role. The Journal of Psychology, 134(4), 422–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. (1995). Psychological contracts in organisations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R., Kaplan, R., & Grese, R. (2001). Predicting volunteer commitment in environmental stewardship programmes. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 44(5), 629–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, B., & Adams, J. (2008). Motivation in project management: The project manager’s perspective. Project Management Journal, 39(2), 60–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K., Holmes, K., Haski-Leventhal, D., Cnaan, R., Handy, F., & Brudney, J. (2010). Motivations and benefits of student volunteering: Comparing regular, occasional, and non-volunteers in five countries. Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy Research, 1(1), 65–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stretton, A. (2007). A short history of modern project management. PM World Today, 9(10), 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thamhain, H. (1990). Managing technologically team efforts toward new product success. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 7(1), 5-18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. R., Huemann, M., & Keegan, A. E. (2008). Human resource management in the project-oriented organization: Employee well-being and ethical treatment. International Journal of Project Management, 26, 577–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. R., & Müller, R. (2003). On the nature of the project as a temporary organization. International Journal of Project Management, 2(1), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valeau, P., Vandenberghe, C., Mignonac, K., & Turnau, A. (2013). A study of relations between volunteers’ commitment to organisations and beneficiaries and turnover intentions. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 45(2), 85–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Schie, S., Guntert, S., Oostlander, J., & Wehner, T. (2014). How the organizational context impacts volunteers: A differentiated perspective on self-determined motivation. Voluntas, 26(4), 1570–1590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Vuuren, M., de Jong, M., & Seydel, E. (2008). Commitment with or without a stick of paid work: Comparison of paid and unpaid workers in a nonprofit organisation. European Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology, 17(3), 315–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A., Accadia, R., & Costa, B. (2016). Volunteer retention: The importance of organisational support and psychological contract breach. Journal of Community Psychology, 44(8), 1059–1069.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, J., & Terry, D. (2000). Volunteer decision making by older people: A test of a revised theory of planned behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22(3), 245–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasti, S. A. (2005). Commitment profiles: Combinations of organisational commitment forms and job outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 67, 290–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A., & Pimm, G. (1996). The tyranny of the volunteer: The care and feeding of voluntary workforces. Management Decision, 34(4), 24–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlin, C. (2014). Guidelines for snowballing in systemic literature studies and replication in software engineering. In Proceedings of the 18th international conference on evaluation and assessment in software engineering (p. 38). ACM.

  • Wright, P., & Boswell, W. (2002). Desegregating HRM: A review and synthesis of micro and macro human resource management research. Journal of Management, 28, 247–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was funded by The School of Property Construction and Project Management, RMIT University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Property Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Guinevere Gilbert, Sarah Holdsworth & Louise Kyle

Authors
  1. Guinevere Gilbert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sarah Holdsworth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Louise Kyle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guinevere Gilbert.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gilbert, G., Holdsworth, S. & Kyle, L. A Literature Review and Development of a Theoretical Model for Understanding Commitment Experienced by Volunteers Over the Life of a Project. Voluntas 28, 1–25 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9821-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9821-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation