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Disentangling the Financial Vulnerability of Nonprofits

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Abstract

This research analyzes the concept of financial vulnerability of nonprofits in depth. We review the definitions given by the prior literature, concluding that none of them is complete. We propose a definition in which financial vulnerability consists of three dimensions: operational (variation of net assets over time), leverage (relationship between total assets and debt), and liquidity (ratio of current assets to short-term debt). We use a sample of 212 Non-Governmental Development Organizations (NGDOs) from the United Kingdom to analyze these measures, observing a limited number of nonprofits simultaneously classified as vulnerable according to the different traditional concepts. Applying our proposed multidimensional model, we find that 6 % of the sample is highly financially vulnerable according to the three dimensions, and a high proportion (18 %) of nonprofits is simultaneously vulnerable in leverage and liquidity dimensions. Finally, we compare the obtained results using traditional variables and those derived from our model.

Résumé

Cette recherche analyse en profondeur le concept de vulnérabilité financière des organismes sans but lucratif. Nous étudions les définitions précédemment avancées pour conclure que nulle n’est complète. Nous en proposons donc une nouvelle où la vulnérabilité financière a trois dimensions: opérationnelle (variation des actifs nets dans le temps), levier financier (relation entre les actifs totaux et la dette) et liquidité (comparaison des actifs actuels à la dette à court terme). Nous avons utilisé un échantillon de 212 organismes non gouvernementaux de développement (ONGD) du Royaume-Uni pour analyser lesdites mesures, observant ainsi un nombre limité d’organismes sans but lucratif classés comme vulnérables selon les différents concepts traditionnels. En mettant notre modèle multidimensionnel proposé en œuvre, nous avons découvert que 6 % de l’échantillon a une grande vulnérabilité financière conformément aux trois dimensions et qu’une part élevée (18 %) d’organismes sans but lucratif est vulnérable conformément aux dimensions de levier financier et de liquidité. Nous comparons enfin les résultats obtenus à l’aide de variables traditionnelles et celles dérivées de notre modèle.

Zusammenfassung

Diese Studie analysiert ausführlich das Konzept der finanziellen Anfälligkeit gemeinnütziger Organisationen. Nach Prüfung der Definitionen, die in der bestehenden Literatur zu finden sind, kommen wir zu dem Schluss, dass keine der Definitionen lückenlos ist. Wir schlagen eine Definition vor, laut derer die finanzielle Anfälligkeit drei Größen umfasst: betriebliche Leistung (Schwankung des Nettovermögens im Laufe der Zeit), Verschuldungsgrad (Verhältnis zwischen Gesamtvermögen und Verschuldung) und Liquidität (Verhältnis zwischen Umlaufvermögen und kurzfristigen Schulden). Wir stützen uns zur Analyse dieser Messgrößen auf eine Stichprobe von 212 nicht-staatlichen Entwicklungsorganisationen aus Großbritannien und sehen eine begrenzte Zahl gemeinnütziger Organisationen, die gemäß den verschiedenen traditionellen Konzepten gleichzeitig als anfällig eingestuft werden. Unter Anwendung unseres vorgeschlagenen multidimensionalen Modells kommen wir zu dem Ergebnis, dass entsprechend den drei Größen 6 % der Stichprobe finanziell äußerst anfällig sind und ein hoher Anteil (18 %) der gemeinnützigen Organisationen gleichzeitig anfällig in Bezug auf den Verschuldungsgrad und die Liquidität sind. Abschließend vergleichen wir die Ergebnisse bei einer Anwendung traditioneller Variablen und den Variablen aus unserem Modell.

Resumen

La presenta investigación analiza el concepto de vulnerabilidad financiera de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro en profundidad. Revisamos las definiciones dadas en el material publicado con anterioridad, y concluimos que ninguna de ellas es completa. Proponemos una definición en la que la vulnerabilidad financiera consista en tres dimensiones: operativa (variación de activos netos a lo largo del tiempo), apalancamiento (relación entre activos totales y deuda) y liquidez (ratio de activos corrientes/deuda a corto plazo). Utilizamos una muestra de 212 organizaciones de desarrollo no gubernamentales (NGDO, por sus siglas en inglés) del Reino Unido para analizar estas medidas, observando un número limitado de organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro clasificadas simultáneamente como vulnerables según los diferentes conceptos tradicionales. Al aplicar nuestro modelo multidimensional propuesto, encontramos que el 6 % de la muestra es sumamente vulnerable a nivel financiero según las tres dimensiones y una elevada proporción (18 %) de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro son vulnerables simultáneamente en las dimensiones de apalancamiento y liquidez. Finalmente, comparamos los resultados obtenidos utilizando variables tradicionales y aquellas derivadas de nuestro modelo.

Chinese

本研究深入分析了非盈利组织的财务脆弱性概念。我们审核了早期文献给定的定义,得出的结论是,所有这些定义都不完整。我们建议的财务脆弱性定义由三个维度组成:运营(随时间变化的净资产差异)、杠杆作用(总资产和债务之间的关系)和流动资产(当前资产与短期债务的比率)。使用英国212家非政府发展机构 (NGDO) 的样本,我们对这些量度进行了分析,注意到依照不同的传统概念,很少有非盈利组织在这三个方面都同时被分类为宝贵。应用建议的多维度模型,我们发现6 %的样本在这三个维度财务上都极为宝贵,很大比例的非盈利组织 (18 %) 同时在杠杆作用和流动资产方面非常宝贵。最后,我们将以传统变量获得的结果与模型得出的结果进行比较。.

Arabic

يحلل هذا البحث مفهوم الضعف المالي للمنظمات الغير ربحية بالتفاصيل. نحن نستعرض التعريفات التي قدمتها الأدبيات السابقة، إستنتجنا أن أي منهم لم يكتمل. نقترح تعريفا” الذي فيه الضعف المالي يتكون من ثلاثة أبعاد: التشغيلي (الاختلاف لصافي الأصول مع مرور الوقت)، التأثير(العلاقة بين مجموع الأصول والديون) والسيولة (نسبة الأصول المتداولة إلى الديون قصيرة الأجل). نحن نستخدم عينة من 212 منظمات غير حكومية للتنمية (NGDO) من المملكة المتحدة لتحليل هذه المقاييس، مع ملاحظة عدد محدود من المنظمات الغير ربحية المصنفة في وقت واحد كالضعفاء وفقا” للمفاهيم التقليدية المختلفة. بتطبيق النموذج متعدد الأبعاد الذي نقترحه نجد أن 6٪ من العينة ضعيفة للغاية ماليا” وفقا” للأبعاد الثلاثة ونسبة عالية (18٪) للمنظمات الغير الربحية ضعيفة في وقت واحد في النفوذ وأبعاد السيولة. أخيرا”، فإننا نقارن النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها عن طريق إستخدام المتغيرات التقليدية وتلك المستمدة من النموذج الذي لدينا.

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Funding

This study was funding by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project ECO2012-32554).

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Correspondence to Inigo Garcia-Rodriguez.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

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de Andres-Alonso, P., Garcia-Rodriguez, I. & Romero-Merino, M.E. Disentangling the Financial Vulnerability of Nonprofits. Voluntas 27, 2539–2560 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9764-6

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