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Modernizing State Support of Nonprofit Service Provision: The Case of Kyrgyzstan

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VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 06 October 2016

Abstract

This paper examines a recent effort to reform the laws on outsourcing to nonprofit organizations in the Central Asian country of Kyrgyzstan. To do so, it first examines Kyrgyzstan’s pattern of outsourcing during the era of Soviet control of the country. It then examines early post-Soviet efforts to establish an effective system of outsourcing to nonprofits and the difficulties that these early efforts encountered. Finally, it looks in more detail at a major effort to reform this system undertaken during 2014 and 2015 and draws some significant lessons for the redesign of contracting and outsourcing provisions that are relevant not only for former Soviet countries but more generally as well.

Résumé

Cet article examine l’action récente visant à réformer les lois sur l’externalisation vers les organisations à but non lucratif dans le pays d’Asie centrale du Kirghizistan. Pour ce faire, il examine en premier le modèle d’externalisation du Kirghizistan à l’époque de la domination soviétique du pays. Il examine ensuite les premiers efforts postsoviétiques pour établir un système efficace de sous-traitance aux organisations à but non lucratif, ainsi que les difficultés que ces premiers efforts ont rencontrées. Enfin, il regarde plus en détail un effort important entrepris en 2014 et 2015 pour réformer ce système et en tire quelques leçons significatives pour la réforme des dispositions sur l’attribution des marchés et l’externalisation, qui concernent tant les anciens pays soviétiques que les pays de façon plus générale.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die kürzlichen Bemühungen zur Reformierung der Gesetze über das Outsourcing an gemeinnützige Organisationen im zentralasiatischen Land Kirgisistan. Dazu wird zunächst das Outsourcing-Schema von Kirgisistan während des Zeitraums, in dem es der sowjetischen Kontrolle unterlag, untersucht. Anschließend erforscht man die frühen postsowjetischen Bemühungen zur Einführung eines effektiven Systems von Outsourcing an gemeinnützige Organisationen und die Schwierigkeiten, denen man bei diesen frühen Bemühungen begegnete. Schließlich betrachtet man eingehend die wesentlichen Bemühungen in den Jahren 2014 und 2015 zur Reformierung dieses Systems und zieht einige wichtige Lehren daraus für den neuen Entwurf von Vertrags- und Outsourcing-Bestimmungen, die nicht nur für ehemalige sowjetische Länder, sondern auch im Allgemeinen relevant sind.

Resumen

El presente documento examina una reciente iniciativa para reformar las leyes sobre la subcontratación de organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro en el país de Asia Central, Kirguistán. Para hacerlo, examina primero el patrón de subcontratación de Kirguistán durante la época del control soviético del país. Examina después los tempranos esfuerzos postsoviéticos por establecer un sistema efectivo de subcontratación de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro y las dificultades con las que se encontraron estos tempranos esfuerzos. Finalmente, analiza con más detalle un importante esfuerzo por reformar este sistema emprendido durante 2014 y 2015 y extrae algunas lecciones significativas para el rediseño de disposiciones sobre contratación y subcontratación que son relevantes no sólo para los antiguos países soviéticos, sino también en general.

摘要

本文检视了中亚国家吉尔吉斯斯坦最近在非营利性组织外包法律改革方面的努力。为此,我们先检视了在苏联统治时期吉尔吉斯斯坦的外包形式。然后再检视后苏联统治早期,该国在为非营利性组织建立一套有效的外包体系所作的努力以及这些早期努力所遇到的困难。最后,本文更深入地检视了在2014与2015年期间对此系统进行改革所作的主要努力,并为重新设计关于缔约与外包的法规总结了一些有意义的教训,这些教训不但与前苏联国家相关,而且也具有普遍的参考价值。

ملخص

يفحص هذا البحث الجهود الأخيرة لإصلاح القوانين المتعلقة بالإستعانة بمصادر خارجية للمنظمات الغير ربحية في الدولة في وسط آسيا قيرجيزستان. للقيام بذلك، يفحص أولا” نمط قرجيزستان للإستعانة بمصادر خارجية في عهد السيطرة السوفيتية للبلاد. بعد ذلك يفحص جهود ما بعد الإتحاد السوفيتي في وقت مبكر لإنشاء نظام فعال للإستعانة بمصادر خارجية للمؤسسات الغير ربحية والصعوبات التي واجهت هذه الجهود المبكرة. أخيرا”، يراقب بمزيد من التفاصيل في بذل جهود كبيرة لإصلاح هذا النظام الذي تم خلال عامي 2014 و 2015، ويجذب النظر لبعض الدروس الهامة لإعادة تصميم أحكام التعاقد والإستعانة بمصادر خارجية التي لها صلة ليس فقط لبلدان الإتحاد السوفياتي السابقة، لكن بشكل عام كذلك.

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Notes

  1. In addition to this 2008 Law on State Social Procurement (Government of the Kyrgyz Republic 2008b), KR governmental authorities issued a series of implementing regulations on detailed procurement practices. Included here were the following: Regulation on the Procedure for Conducting Competition for Social Programs (Projects) (Government of the Kyrgyz Republic 2009); Instruction for Monitoring the Quality of Social Services Provided by NGOs in Framework of Implementation of State Social Procurement (Ministry of Social Development 2009); Methodological Guidelines for Organization and Conducting of the Competition of Social Programs (Projects) (Ministry of Social Development 2011b); and On Approval of the Contract for Implementation of the State Social Procurement (Ministry of Social Development 2011a).

  2. Included here were the following: Strategy for Development of Social Protection of the Population of the KR for 20122014 (Government of the Kyrgyz Republic 2011); National Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Kyrgyz Republic for the period 20132017 (National Council for Sustainable Development 2013); and The Program of Development of Social Protection of the Population of the Kyrgyz Republic for 20152017 (Ministry of Social Development 2015).

  3. More detailed analysis of the legal practice of the Law on the SSP can be found in Analysis of State Procurement of Social Services in the KR and Recommendations for its Improvement (ICNL 2013).

  4. Among the steps in the elaborate process of identifying appropriate arenas for SSP, the draft program should include: (1) a description of urgent social problems and public benefit goals for the time being (with a justification, relevant calculations, and statistical and other data) and their division by administrative-territorial units and populated areas—this provides for cases where there are territorial differences regarding this or other social problems or public benefit goals; (2) the forms of SSP which can be used to solve social problems or to achieve the public benefit goals of the program; (3) the total amount of funds needed to finance the program classified by the form of SSP to be used, as well as by administrative-territorial unit and populated area where the program will operate; (4) information about the border of the area in which the program is to be implemented; (5) the period of implementation, including a breakdown by various forms of SSP; (6) groups of recipients of social services; (7) expected results from the implementation of the program, both quantitative and qualitative; and (8) other necessary information at the discretion of the authorized state body or body of local self-government (Government of the Kyrgyz Republic 2015).

References

  • Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2008b). The Law of the Kyrgyz Republic On State Social Procurement. Approved by Resolution of the Government of the KR, July 21, 2008, № 162. Available at: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/202373.

  • Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2009). Regulation on the Procedure for Conducting Competition for Social Programs (Projects). Approved by Resolution of the Government of the KR, January 24, 2009, № 41. Available at: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/70002.

  • Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2010). The Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic. Adopted by referendum, June 27, 2010. Available at: http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263&lang=ru.

  • Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2011). Strategy for Development of Social Protection of the Population of the KR for 2012-2014. Approved by Resolution of the Government of the KR, December 13, 2011, № 775. Available at: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/92880.

  • Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2014). The Law of the Kyrgyz Republic On State and Municipal Services. Approved by Resolution of the Government of the KR, July 17, 2014 № 139. Available at: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/205360.

  • Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2015). The Draft Law of the Kyrgyz Republic On State Social Procurement. Available at: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/97513.

  • Idrisov, N.A. (Ed.) (2012). Noncommercial Law Textbook, 2nd Edition. Bishkek: International Center for Not-for-Profit Law. Available at: http://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Kyrgyzstan/NCOtext.pdf.

  • International Centre for Not-for-Profit Law. (2013). Analysis of State Procurement of Social Services in the KR and Recommendations for its Improvement. New York: East-West Management Institute. Available at: http://www.ewmi-cgp.org/images/AnalysisSP_Eng_March18_2014.pdf.

  • Kabar National News Agency. (2014). SEDESOL KR: In 2014, the state allocated sotszakaz 22.5 million soms, Setember 6, 2014. Accessed July 27, 2015. Available at: http://pda.kabar.kg/society/full/82149?all.

  • Ministry of Social Development of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2009). Instruction for Monitoring the Quality of Social Services Provided by NGOs in Framework of Implementation of State Social Procurement. Approved by the order of the Ministry of Social Development of the KR, July 29, 2009, № 98.

  • Ministry of Social Development of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2011a). On Approval of the Contract for Implementation of the State Social Procurement. Approved by the order of the Ministry of Social Development of the KR, June 30, 2011, № 127.

  • Ministry of Social Development of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2011b). Methodological Guidelines for Organization and Conducting of the Competition of Social Programs (Projects). Approved by the order of the Ministry of Social Development of the KR, October 13, 2011, № 175.

  • Ministry of Social Development of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2015). The Program of Development of Social Protection of the Population of the Kyrgyz Republic for 2015-2017. Approved by Resolution of the Government of the KR, February 27, 2015, № 85. Available at: http://mlsp.gov.kg/?q=ru/prs.

  • National Council for Sustainable Development of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2013). National Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Kyrgyz Republic for the period 2013-2017. Approved by the Decree of the President of the KR, January 21, 2013, № 11. Available at: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/61542.

  • Onstart, K. G. (2014). Competition of Social Projects from the Ministry of Social Development, June 13, 2014. Accessed July 27, 2015. Available at: http://onstart.kg/index.php/component/content/article/105-konkursy/184-konkurs-sotsialnykh-proektov-ot-ministerstva-sotsialnogo-razvitiya.

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Correspondence to Yulia Shapovalova.

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This article was prepared within the framework of a subsidy granted to the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation by the Government of the Russian Federation for the implementation of the Global Competitiveness Program. None of the organizations with which the author is affiliated or that have supported her work bear any responsibility for any errors or views expressed here. That is the author’s own responsibility.

Additional information

This paper is part of the Special Issue: Unlikely Partners? Evolving Government-Nonprofit Relationships, East and West edited by Lester M Salamon.

An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9796-y.

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Shapovalova, Y. Modernizing State Support of Nonprofit Service Provision: The Case of Kyrgyzstan. Voluntas 26, 2379–2394 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9649-0

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