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Life Course, Gender, and Participation in Voluntary Organizations in Italy

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Abstract

This article investigates the gender differences in participation in voluntary organizations across the life course in Italy. It shows that three forms of engagement in voluntary organizations—donating money, attending meetings, and doing unpaid work—may depend on some stages of the life course—leaving the parental home, forming a union, and becoming a parent—as it is plausible that they may change personal resources and pose constraints or provide opportunities for involvement. Using the household survey “ISTAT Multipurpose Survey—Aspects of daily life”, the article finds that while leaving the parental home is positively associated with both men’s and women’s involvement, forming a union, and being a parent is detrimental for women’s involvement and not for men’s. This pattern indicates that gender roles may constrain more women’s than men’s probability of participation in voluntary organizations.

Résumé

Cet article étudie les différences entre les sexes dans la participation aux organisations bénévoles au cours d’une vie en Italie. Il montre que les trois formes d’engagement dans les organismes bénévoles – dons d’argent, participation aux réunions et travail non rémunéré – peuvent dépendre de certaines étapes au cours de la vie – quitter le domicile parental, former un syndicat et devenir parent – car il est plausible qu’elles modifient les ressources personnelles et posent des contraintes ou offrent des occasions de participation. À l’aide de l’enquête sur les ménages « Enquête universelle : aspects de la vie quotidienne » , l’article conclut que si quitter le domicile parental est corrélé de manière positive à la fois à la participation des hommes et à celle des femmes, former un syndicat et être parent est préjudiciable à la participation des femmes et non à celle des hommes. Ce modèle indique que le rôle des sexes peut limiter davantage la probabilité des femmes que des hommes de participer aux organisations bénévoles.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern in Italien hinsichtlich ihrer Mitwirkung in ehrenamtlichen Organisationen im Laufe ihres Lebens. Es zeigt sich, dass drei Formen des Engagements bei ehrenamtlichen Organisationen - Geldspenden, die Teilnahme an Versammlungen und die Verrichtung unbezahlter Arbeit - von bestimmten Lebensabschnitten abhängig sein können, z. B. der Auszug aus dem Elternhaus, das Eingehen einer Partnerschaft und eine Elternschaft, da sich dadurch verständlicherweise persönliche Ressourcen ändern können und diese Ereignisse die Möglichkeit sich zu engagieren entweder einschränken oder erhöhen. Unter Bezugnahme auf die Haushaltserhebung „ISTAT Mehrzweckbefragung - Aspekte des täglichen Lebens“ kommt man zu folgendem Ergebnis: Während sich der Auszug aus dem Elternhaus positv auf das Engagement von sowohl Männern als auch Frauen auswirkt, haben das Eingehen einer Partnerschaft und die Elternschaft einen nachteiligen Effekt für das Engagement von Frauen, nicht jedoch für das Engagement von Männern. Dieses Verhaltensmuster ist ein Zeichen dafür, dass die Geschlechterrollen die Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein Engagement in ehrenamtlichen Organisationen für Frauen mehr einschränkt als für Männer.

Resumen

El presente artículo investiga las diferencias de género en la participación en organizaciones voluntarias en el transcurso de la vida en Italia. Muestra que tres formas de compromiso en organizaciones voluntarias - la donación de dinero, la asistencia a reuniones y la realización de trabajo no remunerado - pueden depender de algunas etapas del curso de la vida - dejar el hogar parental, formar una unión y convertirse en padres - ya que es plausible que puedan cambiar los recursos personales y plantear restricciones o proporcionar oportunidades para implicarse. Utilizando la encuesta sobre hogares “Encuesta Multipropósitos ISTAT - Aspectos de la vida diaria”, el presente artículo encuentra que aunque dejar el hogar parental se asocia de manera positiva con la implicación tanto de hombres como de mujeres, formar una unión y ser padres va en detrimento de la implicación de las mujeres y no en la de los hombres. Este patrón indica que los roles de género pueden restringir la probabilidad de participación de las mujeres en mayor medida que en los hombres, en organizaciones voluntarias.

摘要

本论文考察了意大利的不同性别的人们一生中在参与自愿性组织方面存在的差异, 结果显示,自愿性组织的三种参与类型(捐款、参加会议和从事免费的工作)和生命的某些阶段有关(离开父母独立、结婚以及为人父母),这一点不无道理,他们由于在这几个阶段中,他们可能会在个人资源、遭受的限制或参与机会等方面发生变化。本文利用“ISTAT 多功能调查 - 日常生活的各个方面”这一家庭调查,发现离开父母和男女的参与呈正相关,而结婚和为人父母会影响女性的参与而不会影响男性的参与,这一发现说明, 性别在参与自愿性组织方面,对女性可能要大于其对男性的影响。

ملخص

تبحث هذه المقالة الإختلافات بين الجنسين في المشاركة في المنظمات التطوعية عبر مسار الحياة في إيطاليا. فإنه يدل على أن ثلاثة أشكال من الإنخراط في المنظمات التطوعية - التبرع بالمال، حضور الإجتماعات والعمل بدون أجر - قد يعتمد على بعض مراحل دورة الحياة - مغادرة منزل الوالدين، الزواج وإنجاب الأولاد- كما هو من المعقول أنه قد تتغير الموارد الشخصية، تشكل القيود أو توفير فرص للمشاركة. بإستخدام إستطلاع الرأي الأسري “إستطلاع رأي متعدد الأغراض (ISTAT)- جوانب الحياة اليومية”، وجدت هذه المقالة أنه في حين ترك منزل الوالدين له علاقة إيجابية مع تشكيل كل من الرجل ومشاركة المرأة، الزواج و إنجاب الأطفال هو ضار لمشاركة المرأة وليس للرجال.هذا النمط يشير إلى أن أدوار الجنسين قد يحد المزيد من النساء من إحتمال المشاركة عن إحتمال مشاركة الرجال في المنظمات التطوعية.

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Notes

  1. Respondents are selected between 18 and 80 years old.

  2. The category of the “Not employed” category includes unemployed, homemakers, and unable respondents. In previous analyses the variable included an additional category for homemakers. Since the homemakers category in the men’s sample was very small and that the estimates are were not different from those presented here, we preferred to use a more parsimonious solution.

  3. Unfortunately, the survey does not include information on neither household nor personal income, thus this variable is used as a proxy of income.

  4. The NUTS1 classification is followed. North-west includes: Piemonte, Valle d’Aosta, Liguria, and Lombardia; North-east includes: Trentino-Alto Adige, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Emilia Romagna; Center includes: Toscana, Umbria, Marche, and Lazio; South includes: Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Puglia, Basilicata, and Calabria; Islands includes: Sicilia and Sardegna.

  5. Doing so, we do not encounter the “identification problem,” stemming from the dependence between age, cohorts, and periods (see Glenn, 2005). Moreover, previous analyses showed that including age and its square would lead to multicollinearity.

  6. The birth cohorts are “≤1930,” “1931–1940,” “1941–1950,” “1951–1950,” “1951–1960,” “1961–1970,” “1971–1980,” “>1980.”

  7. Marginal effects are the difference in probability between each category and the reference (Long 1997), and are computed at the mean of the covariates. The confidence intervals are obtained using simulation (Gelman and Hill 2006).

  8. The difference between the first the statuses, being single living with parents and being living on their own, is a marginal effect. See footnote no. 7 on the estimation method.

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  1. Department of Political Science, LUISS “Guido Carli”, Via di Villa Emiliani 14, 00135, Rome, Italy

    Mario Quaranta

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Quaranta, M. Life Course, Gender, and Participation in Voluntary Organizations in Italy. Voluntas 27, 874–899 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9615-x

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