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The Challenges of Untangling the Relationship Between Participation and Happiness

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Abstract

Identifying the causes of happiness presents a challenge for researchers interested in this fundamental outcome variable. After reviewing previous literature looking at the causal effect of political participation on life satisfaction, we discuss the merits of using panel data, where there are repeated measurements over time for each individual, and discuss two common statistical models used in the analysis of panel data, the autoregressive distributed lag model, and the fixed effects model. We use both techniques to analyze the British Household Panel Survey and find evidence that social participation strongly predicts life satisfaction but not that voting participation predicts life satisfaction. We argue that the panel data models help reduce the risk of time-invariant omitted variable bias but are still subject to the problems of time-varying omitted variables and reverse causality. The article aims to provide guidance to researchers seeking to analyze the determinants of life satisfaction using large survey data sets.

Résumé

L’identification des causes du bonheur représente un défi pour les chercheurs intéressés par cette variable dépendante fondamentale. Après avoir passé en revue la littérature existante à la recherche de l’effet de causalité de la participation politique sur la satisfaction apportée par la vie, nous débattons des mérites de l’utilisation de données de panels où différentes mesures sont effectuées dans le temps pour chaque individu, puis nous abordons deux modèles statistiques couramment utilisés dans l’analyse de données de panels : le modèle autorégressif à retards échelonnés et le modèle à effets fixes. En utilisant ces deux techniques pour analyser l’enquête de panel des ménages britanniques (British Household Panel Survey), nous démontrons que contrairement à la participation au vote, la participation sociale constitue un prédicteur fort de la satisfaction apportée par la vie. Nous soutenons que les modèles de données de panels aident à réduire le risque de biais par oubli de variables indépendantes du temps, mais restent soumis aux problèmes d’oubli de variables dépendantes du temps et de causalité inverse. Cet article vise à guider les chercheurs qui souhaitent analyser les déterminants de la satisfaction apportée par la vie en exploitant des ensembles de données issus d’enquêtes de grande ampleur.

Zusammenfassung

Die Bestimmung der Ursachen für das Glücklichsein stellt für Forscher, die an dieser grundlegenden Zielvariablen interessiert sind, eine Herausforderung dar. Nach einer Prüfung der bisherigen Literatur zum kausalen Effekt der politischen Beteiligung auf die Lebenszufriedenheit diskutieren wir, inwieweit die Nutzung von Paneldaten wertvoll ist, bei denen in einem Zeitraum wiederholt Messungen für jede Person durchgeführt werden, und diskutieren zwei gebräuchliche statistische Modelle, die zur Analyse von Paneldaten angewandt werden, nämlich das autoregressive Distributed-Lag-Modell und das Fixed-Effects-Modell. Wir nutzen beide Techniken, um das British Household Panel Survey [eine repräsentative Befragung von britischen Haushalten] zu analysieren und finden Beweise dafür, dass die gesellschaftliche Beteiligung eine starke Prognose für die Lebenszufriedenheit aufstellt; nicht jedoch dafür, dass eine Wahlbeteiligung Lebenszufriedenheit prognostiziert. Wir behaupten, dass die Paneldaten-Modelle dazu beitragen, das Risiko der Verzerrung aufgrund zeitinvarianter ausgelassener Variablen zu mindern, jedoch weiterhin den Problemen zeitvarianter ausgelassener Variablen und der umgekehrten Kausalität ausgesetzt sind. Der Beitrag soll Forschern, die die Determinanten der Lebenszufriedenheit unter der Verwendung von Daten aus großen Umfragen analysieren möchten, entsprechende Anleitungen anbieten.

Resumen

La identificación de las causas de la felicidad presenta un desafío para los investigadores interesados en esta variable de resultado fundamental. Después de revisar el material publicado previo buscando el efecto causal de la participación política en la satisfacción de la vida, analizamos los méritos de utilizar datos de panel, en los que existen mediciones repetidas a lo largo del tiempo para cada individuo, y analizamos dos modelos estadísticos comunes utilizados en el análisis de datos de panel, el modelo de rezago distribuido autorregresivo y el modelo de efectos fijos. Utilizamos ambas técnicas para analizar la Encuesta Panel de Hogares Británico y para encontrar evidencias de que la participación social predice fuertemente la satisfacción de la vida pero no que la participación en votaciones predice la satisfacción de la vida. Argumentamos que los modelos de datos de panel reducen el riesgo de sesgo de variables omitidas invariables con el tiempo pero siguen sujetos a los problemas de las variables omitidas que varían con el tiempo y la causalidad inversa. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo proporcionar orientación a los investigadores que tratan de analizar los determinantes de la satisfacción con la vida utilizando grandes conjuntos de datos de encuesta.

Chinese

确定快乐原因对这一基本结果变量感兴趣的研究人员造成了挑战。回顾早期文献中的政治参与对生活满意度的偶然效果后,我们讨论了使用固定样本数据(提供对每个人随时间变化的重复测量)的优点,并讨论了分析固定样本数据使用的两个常用统计模型:自回归分布式滞后模型和固定影响模型。我们使用这两种技术分析英国家庭固定样本调查,并发现社会参与而不是投票参与极大增强生活满意度的证据。我们认为,固定样本数据模型帮助降低时不变忽略的可变偏差风险,但仍存在时变忽略的变量和反向因果关系的问题。本文旨在为研究人员提供指导,从而使用大量调查数据集分析生活满意度的决定因素。

Arabic

تحديد أسباب السعادة يمثل تحديا˝ للباحثين المهتمين في النتيجة الأساسية لهذا المتغير. بعد إستعراض الدراسات السابقة للبحث في التأثير السببي للمشاركة السياسية على الرضا عن الحياة ، نحن نناقش مزايا إستخدام جدول البيانات ، حيث تتكرر هناك القياسات على مر الزمن لكل فرد، ومناقشة اثنين من النماذج الإحصائية الشائعة المستخدمة في تحليل جدول البيانات ، تم توزيع نموذج تأخر الإنحدار الذاتي و نموذج الآثار الثابتة. نحن نستخدم كل التقنيات لتحليل جدول إستطلاع رأي منزلي بريطاني و العثور على أدلة على أن المشاركة الاجتماعية تتوقع بشدة الرضا عن الحياة ولكن المشاركة في التصويت لا يتوقع الرضا عن الحياة. فإننا نقول إن نماذج جدول البيانات يساعد على التقليل من خطر الوقت الثابت الذي حذف التحيز المتغير ولكن لا يزال يخضع لمشاكل متغيرات الوقت المتفاوت المحذوف و السببية العكسية. تهدف هذه المقالة إلى تقديم التوجيه للباحثين الذين يسعون إلى تحليل محددات الرضا عن الحياة بإستخدام مجموعات بيانات إستطلاع رأي كبيرة .

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Acknowledgments

Thanks to the participants in the German Institute for Japanese Studies’ International Workshop on Social Awareness, Political Participation and Happiness for their comments on an earlier version of the paper. Thanks to Rebecca Weitz-Shapiro for useful conversations on this topic.

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Correspondence to Matthew S. Winters.

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Winters, M.S., Rundlett, A. The Challenges of Untangling the Relationship Between Participation and Happiness. Voluntas 26, 5–23 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9500-z

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