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Introductory Essay: From a Closed System to an Open System: A Parallel Critical Review of the Intellectual Trajectories of Publicness and Nonprofitness

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Abstract

The study of the space between the state and the market (referred as “the study of the in-between space” throughout the article) has suffered from somewhat of an identity crisis since its inception. The crisis is reflected by the lack of a unified terminology, the lack of consensus on the principal characteristic of organizations in the space, and the debates on blurring sectoral boundaries. This article first provides a critical review of the intellectual trajectories of the search for publicness and the search for nonprofitness through the lens of organizational theory. By contrasting and analyzing the underlying reasons of both intellectual trajectories, this review concludes ownership (nonprofitness or publicness) is not the definitive characteristic of the subject organizations, and an open and multidimensional approach is more suitable. Second, this article then introduces articles included in this special issue and analyzing their common theme-context matters.

Résumé

L’étude de l’espace entre l’État et le marché (appelée « l’étude de l’espace de l’entre-deux » tout au long de l’article) a souffert d’une certaine crise d’identité depuis son lancement. Cette crise se traduit par l’absence de terminologie unifiée, l’absence de consensus sur la caractéristique principale des organisations dans l’espace, et des débats sur l’effacement des frontières sectorielles. Cet article examine les trajectoires intellectuelles des recherches des organisations publiques et les recherches des organisations à but non lucratif sous la perspective de la théorie des organisations. En comparant et en analysant les raisons sous-jacentes de ces deux trajectoires intellectuelles, cet examen aboutit à la conclusion que la propriété (organisations à but non lucratif ou organisations publiques) n’est pas la caractéristique définitive des organisations concernées et qu’une approche multidimensionnelle est plus appropriée. Ensuite, cet article présente les articles de ce numéro spécial et analyse leurs questions communes sur le sujet. Ce sujet, de nouveau, met en évidence la conclusion éclairée par l’étude.

Zusammenfassung

Die Studie des Raums zwischen dem Staat und dem Markt (in dem Beitrag als „die Studie des Zwischenraums“bezeichnet) leidet seit Beginn an einer Art Identitätskrise. Diese Krise spiegelt sich darin wider, dass es keine einheitliche Terminologie und keine Einigkeit über die wesentlichen Merkmale der Organisationen in dem Raum gibt sowie darin, dass man Diskussionen über verwischte Sektorgrenzen führt. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über die intellektuellen Trajektorien bei der Suche nach der Öffentlichkeit und der Suche nach Gemeinnützigkeit aus der Perspektive der Organisationstheorie. Durch eine Gegenüberstellung und Analyse der zugrunde liegenden Gründe für beide intellektuelle Trajektorien kommt man hierin zu dem Schluss, dass die Eigentümerschaft (Gemeinnützigkeit oder Öffentlichkeit) nicht das definitive Merkmal der betreffenden Organisationen ist, sondern dass ein multidimensionaler Ansatz angebrachter wäre. Im Anschluss daran werden Beiträge zu diesem speziellen Problem vorgestellt und unter ihren gemeinsamen thematischen und inhaltlichen Gesichtspunkten analysiert. Dies beweist wiederum die in diesem Überblick beleuchtete Schlussfolgerung.

Resumen

El estudio del espacio entre el estado y el mercado (al que se hace referencia como “el estudio del espacio intermedio” a lo largo del presente artículo) ha sufrido una especie de crisis de identidad desde su inicio. La crisis se refleja en la falta de una terminología unificada, la falta de consenso sobre la principal característica de las organizaciones en el espacio, y los debates sobre límites sectoriales borrosos. El presente artículo proporciona una revisión de las trayectorias intelectuales de la búsqueda de lo público y de la búsqueda del sin ánimo de lucro a través de la lente de la teoría organizativa. Mediante el contraste y el análisis de las razones subyacentes de ambas trayectorias, la presente revisión concluye que la apropiación (del sin ánimo de lucro o de lo público) no es la característica definitiva de las organizaciones sujeto, y es más apropiado un enfoque multidimensional. En segundo lugar, el presente artículo introduce después artículos sobre esta cuestión especial y analiza sus elementos comunes de contexto-tema. Este tema evidencia de nuevo la conclusión iluminada por la revisión.

摘要

自引入之日起,国家和市场之间空间离研究(整个文章将此称为“空间之间”)就存在着身份危机。危机反应在缺少统一术语、缺少对空间组织主要特性的一致性,以及模糊领域界限的争论。本文探索了公共性研究的知识轨迹,并通过组织理论透镜搜索非盈利性。通过对比和分析这两个知识轨迹的基本原因,本研究得出的结论是所有权(非盈利性或公共性)不是主体组织的决定性特性,多维方法更加适合。随后,本文介绍了这一特殊问题的相关文章并分析了常见的主题上下文。这一主题再次证明了研究所阐述的结论。

ملخص

عانت دراسة الفاصل بين الدولة والسوق التجاري على النحو المشار إليه “دراسة الحدود الفاصلة في جميع أنحاء المقالة) من نوع ما من أزمة هوية منذ بدايتها. تنعكس الأزمة من خلال عدم وجود مصطلحات موحدة، عدم وجود توافق في الآراء بشأن السمة الرئيسية للمنظمات في الحدود الفاصلة، والمناقشات حول عدم وضوح الحدود القطاعية. تقدم هذه المقالة إستعراض للمسارات الفكرية للبحث عن عمومية والبحث عن عقلية غير ربحية من خلال عدسة النظرية التنظيمية. بواسطة التناقض وتحليل الأسباب الكامنة وراء كل من المسارات الفكرية، يستنتج هذا الإستعراض أن الملكية (عقلية غير ربحية أو عمومية) ليست خاصية نهائية من منظمات الموضوع، وإتباع نهج متعدد الأبعاد هو أكثر ملاءمة. الثانية، ثم يقدم هذا المقال مقالات في هذا العدد الخاص وتحليل المسائل المشتركة بينهما موضوع السياق. هذا الموضوع يثبت مرة أخرى الإستنتاج الذي تم توضيحه بالإستعراض.

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Acknowledgments

Contributions of this special issue were selected from a SSHRC (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada) funded workshop: Theoretical Variations for Voluntary Sector Organizing: Topping off Old Bottles with New Wine, October 19–20, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. We wish to thank SSHRC for its support for making this special event possible. We are grateful to Professor Ralph Brower from Florida State University for his significant contributions to the workshop, including his ideas, his contribution on the name for the workshop, and his encouragement. We wish to acknowledge the generous sponsorship of the Queen’s School of Policy Studies and Queen’s School of Business for the workshop. Above all, we sincerely thank the workshop participants and authors in this special issue for their contributions.

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Knutsen, W.L., Brock, K.L. Introductory Essay: From a Closed System to an Open System: A Parallel Critical Review of the Intellectual Trajectories of Publicness and Nonprofitness. Voluntas 25, 1113–1131 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9498-2

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