Skip to main content
Log in

Structure, Context, and Ideological Dissonance in Transnational Religious Networks

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Many US-based religious groups engage in networked relationships with religionists in countries elsewhere around the world, investing millions of dollars and personnel hours annually. Evangelical or fundamentalist groups alone do not account for all this network activity; even more liberal-leaning Christian denominations engage extensively in transnational relationships. This inductive study begins with a description of the scope of global network involvement by so-called mainline Christian bodies in the US, then examines in greater detail the structure and context of the transnational ties of one denomination, the Episcopal Church, using data drawn from surveys and four indices relevant to the study of civil society. The potential implications of these transnational religious networks, especially for civil society in developing regions, are tentatively explored by considering ideological differences between religionists linked by network ties.

Résumé

Nombreux sont les groupes religieux basés aux États-Unis qui participent à des relations en réseau avec des coreligionnaires se trouvant dans d’autres pays du monde, investissant chaque année des millions de dollars et d’heures à titre personnel. Les groupes évangéliques ou fondamentalistes ne représentent pas à eux seuls cette activité de réseau; même les groupes de confession chrétienne plus libéraux participent activement à des échanges internationaux. Cette étude inductive débute par un descriptif de l’ampleur de la participation au réseau mondial par les organisations dites chrétiennes historiques aux États-Unis, puis elle s’intéresse plus en détail à la structure et au contexte des liens transnationaux d’une confession, l’Église épiscopale, en se fondant sur des données tirées d’enquêtes et de quatre indices pertinents à l’étude de la société civile. Les implications potentielles de ces réseaux religieux internationaux, en particulier pour la société civile au sein des régions en développement font l’objet d’une tentative d’analyse en examinant les différences idéologiques entre les religionnaires connectés par des réseaux.

Zusammenfassung

Viele religiöse Gruppen in den USA unterhalten Netzwerkbeziehungen zu Gläubigen in anderen Ländern der Welt und investieren jährlich Millionen US-Dollar und Personalstunden in diese Beziehungen. Es sind nicht nur evangelikale oder fundamentalistische Gruppen, die diese Netzwerkaktivitäten verfolgen; auch liberalere christliche Glaubensgemeinschaften unterhalten intensive transnationale Beziehungen. In der induktiven Studie wird zunächst der Umfang der globalen Netzwerkinvolvierung von sogenannten „mainline“christlichen Institutionen in den USA beschrieben. Anschließend erfolgt eine ausführlichere Untersuchung der Struktur und des Kontexts der transnationalen Verbindungen einer bestimmten Glaubensgemeinschaft, der Episkopalkirche, unter Hinzuziehung von Daten aus Umfragen und vier Indices, die für die Studien zur Bürgergesellschaft relevant sind. Die möglichen Implikationen dieser transnationalen religiösen Netzwerke, insbesondere für die Bürgergesellschaft in Entwicklungsregionen, werden versuchsweise erforscht, indem die ideologischen Unterschiede zwischen den Gläubigen berücksichtigt werden, die durch Netzwerkverknüpfungen miteinander verbunden sind.

Resumen

Muchos grupos religiosos con base en los Estados Unidos participan en relaciones de red con religionistas en países de otras partes del mundo, invirtiendo millones de dólares y horas de personal anualmente. Los grupos evangélicos o fundamentalistas solos no representan toda esta actividad de red; incluso denominaciones cristianas con tendencia más liberal participan extensamente en relaciones transnacionales. El presente estudio inductivo comienza con una descripción del alcance de la implicación de la red mundial por los denominados organismos cristianos principales en los Estados Unidos, examina después con mayor detalle la estructura y conexto de los lazos transnacionales de una denominación, la Iglesia Episcopal, utilizando datos extraidos de encuestas y cuatro índices relevantes para el estudio de la sociedad civil. Las implicaciones potenciales de estas redes religiosas transnacionales, especialmente para la sociedad civil en las regiones en vías de desarrollo, son exploradas tímidamente mediante la consideración de las diferencias ideológicas entre religionistas vinculados por lazos de red.

Chinese

许多美国宗教团体都在致力于与全球其他国家的宗教家建立关系,每年投入数百万美元和人工。仅福音或基要主义团体未占据所有这些网络活动;更加自由主义的基督徒主导了跨国关系。本归纳性研究以介绍美国所谓的主流基督教机构的全球网络参与开始;然后,更加详细地检查了教派、圣公会跨国联系的结构和背景,使用来自调查和与民间团体研究相关的四个指数。通过考虑网络联结的宗教家之间的思想差别,本研究试验性探讨了这些跨国宗教网络的潜在含义,尤其对于发展中地区的民间团体。.

Arabic

إشترك العديد من الجماعات الدينية التي مقرها الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في علاقات متشابكة مع المتدينين في بلدان أماكن أخرى حول العالم، تستثمر الملايين من الدولارات وساعات الموظفين سنويا˝. المجموعات الإنجيلية أو الأصولية وحدها لا يتم إعتبارها في كل هذا النشاط للشبكة، حتى أكثر الطوائف المسيحية ذات الميول الليبرالية يشتركون على نطاق واسع في العلاقات العابرة للحدود الوطنية. تبدأ هذه الدراسة التجريبية مع وصف لنطاق مشاركة شبكة عالمية من قبل ما يسمى الهيئات المسيحية الرئيسية في الولايات المتحدة، ثم تتناول بتفصيل أكبر هيكل وسياق العلاقات عبر الوطنية من طائفة واحدة، الكنيسة الأسقفية، ذلك بإستخدام بيانات مستمدة من إستطلاعات رأي وأربعة مؤشرات ذات الصلة بدراسة المجتمع المدني. يتم إستكشاف الآثارالمحتملة لهذه الشبكات الدينية العابرة للحدود الوطنية، خاصة بالنسبة للمجتمع المدني في المناطق النامية، مبدئيا˝ من خلال النظر في الإختلافات الأيديولوجية بين المتدينين الذين تربطهم علاقات الشبكة.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The other denominational families are White Evangelical Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Black Protestant (Niles 2003).

  2. A diocese is defined as a division of regional church authority under the leadership of a bishop (Cross 1990).

  3. The Episcopal Church also incorporates an additional 11 dioceses with close geographic or other ties to the US in Europe, Haiti, Virgin Islands, Taiwan, Micronesia, and six countries in Central America (www.theepiscopalchurch.org, accessed 1/17/13). This paper focuses on US-based dioceses (including Puerto Rico) for its cross-national analyses.

  4. An additional three relationships have been formed with non-Anglican religious bodies.

  5. Only relationships officially recognized by the Executive Council of the Episcopal Church are included in the range of dates due to limits on data availability. This average represents 52 relationships.

  6. The Episcopal Church in the US includes dioceses in Central and South America as well as special dioceses in Europe serving Americans living abroad.

  7. Anglican Communion ties among several small Caribbean nations are grouped into two dioceses: the diocese of the Northeast Caribbean and Aruba and the diocese of the Windward Islands.

  8. Many of these network relationships are subsequently formalized through official agreements.

  9. Distance calculator application at www.bing.com/maps.

References

  • Anheier, H. K. (2007). Reflections on the concept and measurement of global civil society. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 18, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anhelm, F. E. (1999). Religion and civil society: What is the relationship between them? In K. Naidoo (Ed.), Civil society at the millenium. West Hartford: Kumarian Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babbie, E. (1995). The practice of social research (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. R. (1998). A place for us: How to make society civil and democracy strong. New York: Hill and Wang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, P. (2006). Civil society on global governance: Facing up to divergent analysis, strategy, and tactics. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 17, 359–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borgatti, S. P., & Halgin, D. S. (2011). On network theory. Organization Science.

  • Casanova, J. (1994). Public religions in the modern world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cingranelli, D. L., Richards, D. L., & Clay, K. C. (2013). The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) human rights dataset. Retrieved from: http://www.humanrightsdata.org.

  • Crabtree, S. (2010). Religiosity highest in world’s poorest nations. Gallup global reports. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/142727/religiosity-highest-world-poorest-nations.aspx.

  • Cross, F. L. (Ed.). (1990). The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dugger, C. W. (2011). Mugabe ally escalates push to control church (p. A6). New York: The New York Times.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebaugh, H. R., & Chafetz, J. S. (2002a). The variety of transnational religious networks. In H. R. Ebaugh & J. S. Chafetz (Eds.), Religion across borders: Transnational immigrant networks. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebaugh, H. R., & Chafetz, J. S. (Eds.). (2002b). Religion across borders. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, A. F. (1991). The role of NGOs in changing state-society relations. Development Policy Review, 9(1), 53–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. (2008). A world survey of religion and the state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hanckel, E. J. (2012). Was it a dream? Sudan Connections, 7, 16–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, E. O. (2006). Religion and politics in the international system today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hasenclever, A., & Rittberger, V. (2003). Does religion make a difference? Theoretical approaches to the impact of faith on political conflict. In P. Hatzopoulos & F. Petito (Eds.), Religion in international relations: the return from exile. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, J. (2001). Transnational religious actors and international politics. Third World Quarterly, 22(2), 143–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, J. (2008). Religion and foreign policy making in the USA, India and Iran: towards a research agenda. Third World Quarterly, 29(1), 143–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hefferan, T. (2007). Twinning faith and development: Catholic parish partnering in the U.S. and Haiti. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, S. (2002). The clash of globalizations. Foreign Affairs, 81 (July/August), 111–112.

  • Hurd, E. S. (2008). The politics of secularism in international relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isichei, E. (2004). The religious traditions of Africa: A history. Westport: Praeger Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, H. (2006). Gramsci, hegemony, and global civil society networks. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 17, 333–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keohane, R. O. (2002). Power and governance in a partially globalized world. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney, N. T. (2012a). The role of a transnational religious network in development in a weak state: The international links of the Episcopal Church of Sudan. Development in Practice, 22(5–6), 749–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney, N. T. (2012b). The role of US denominations in mobilizing international voluntary service (IVS). Paper presented at the Tenth International Conference of the International Society for Third Sector Research (ISTR), Siena, Italy.

  • Kubálková, V. (2009). A ‘turn to religion’ in international relations? Perspectives, 17(2), 13–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindner, E. W. (Ed.). (2012). Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches. Nashville: Abingdon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lough, B. J. (2010). International volunteerism from the United States, 2008. St. Louis: Center for Social Development, Washington University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, S. J., & Hansing, K. (2005). Toward a transnationalism of the middle: How transnational religious practices help bridge the divides between Cuba and Miami. Latin American Perspectives, 32(1), 121–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDuie-Ra, D., & Rees, J. A. (2010). Religious actors, civil society and the development agenda: The dynamics of inclusion and exclusion. Journal of International Development, 22, 20–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndegwa, S. N. (1996). The two faces of civil society: NGOs and politics in Africa. West Hartford: Kumarian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niles, F. C. (2003). Denominationalism. In P. A. Djupe & L. R. Olson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of American religion and politics (pp. 134–135). New York: Facts on File.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paden, J. N. (2008). Faith and politics in Nigeria: Nigeria as a pivotal state in the Muslim world. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (2008). US religious landscape survey 2008. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philpott, D. (2009). Has the study of global politics found religion? Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 183–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preston, A. (2012). Sword of the spirit, shield of faith: Religion in American war and diplomacy. New York: Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, S. H. (1997). Introduction: Religion, states and transnational civil society. In S. H. Rudolph & J. Piscatori (Eds.), Transnational religion and fading states. Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salamon, L. M., Sokolowski, S. W., et al. (1999). Global civil society: Dimensions of the nonprofit sector (Vol. 2). Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherraden, M. S., Lough, B., & McBride, A. M. (2008). Effects of international volunteering and service: Individual and institutional predictors. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 19, 395–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thaut, L. C. (2009). The role of faith in Christian faith-based humanitarian agencies: Constructing the taxonomy. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 20, 319–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S. M. (2005). The global resurgence of religion and the transformation of international relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Voicu, B. (2013). Participative immigrants or participative cultures? The importance of cultural heritage in determining involvement in associations. Voluntas, 24 (Online First).

  • Walzer, M. (Ed.). (1995). Toward a global civil society. Providence: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuthnow, R., & Offutt, S. (2008). Transnational religious connections. Sociology of Religion, 69(2), 209–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to recognize the assistance with data development by graduate students Charles Herrick, James Tomlinson, and Todd Combs, as well as support provided by the Office of International Studies at the University of Missouri-St. Louis.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nancy T. Kinney.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kinney, N.T. Structure, Context, and Ideological Dissonance in Transnational Religious Networks. Voluntas 26, 382–407 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9418-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9418-x

Keywords

Navigation