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Humanitarian NGO Security Networks and Organisational Learning: Identity Matters and Matters of Identity

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Abstract

Since a few years, humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are faced with increased insecurity in regions where armed conflicts prevail, such as in Afghanistan, Somalia or Sudan. An analysis of the NGOs’ reaction to this development based on 23 semi-structured interviews reveals that identity matters and plays a crucial role. On the one hand, for reasons related to their identity, addressing this insecurity proves challenging for NGOs, which is why they tend to shy away from taking steps in this direction. On the other hand, identity can facilitate organisational learning and help overcome organisational barriers related to it. In this respect identity allows NGOs to join security networks and cooperate across NGO boundaries, while at the same time using it as an indicator to distinguish between who they can trust and who therefore is part of the network and who is not.

Résumé

Depuis quelques années, les organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) humanitaires sont confrontées à une insécurité croissante dans les régions en conflit armé, notamment en Afghanistan, en Somalie ou au Soudan. Une analyse de la réaction des ONG à cette évolution, basée sur 23 entretiens semi-directifs, révèle que leur identité joue un rôle primordial. D’une part, du fait même de leur identité, le comportement à adopter face à cette insécurité constitue un défi pour les ONG ; c’est pourquoi elles hésitent généralement à prendre des mesures en conséquence. D’autre part, cette identité peut faciliter l’apprentissage organisationnel et les aider à franchir les obstacles organisationnels qui y sont associés. Ainsi, l’identité des ONG leur permet de rejoindre des réseaux de sécurité et de coopérer au-delà de leurs limites respectives ; elle peut aussi servir d’indicateur pour faire la distinction entre les entités dignes de confiance, qui font donc partie du réseau, et les autres.

Zusammenfassung

Seit einigen Jahren werden humanitäre nicht-staatliche Organisationen mit einer erhöhten Unsicherheit in Regionen mit bewaffneten Auseinandersetzungen konfrontiert, zum Beispiel in Afghanistan, Somalia oder im Sudan. Eine Analyse der Reaktion der nicht-staatlichen Organisationen auf diese Entwicklung beruhend auf 23 leitfadengestützten Interviews zeigt, dass die Identität der NGOs eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Einerseits erweist sich die Handhabung dieser gefährlichen Situation für die nicht-staatlichen Organisationen aus Gründen, die mit ihrer Identität zusammenhängen, als schwierig, weswegen sie sich vor Maßnahmen in dieser Richtung scheuen. Andererseits kann die Identität das organisationale Lernen erleichtern und helfen, damit zusammenhängende organisationale Hindernisse zu überwinden. Insoweit ermöglicht die Identität den nicht-staatlichen Organisationen den Beitritt zu Sicherheitsnetzwerken sowie eine organisationsübergreifende Zusammenarbeit, während sie gleichzeitig als Indikator dafür dient, wem die Organisationen trauen können und wer demzufolge Teil des Netzwerks ist und wer nicht.

Resumen

Desde hace unos años, las organizaciones humanitarias no gubernamentales (ONG) se están enfrentando a una creciente inseguridad en regiones en las que prevalecen conflictos armados, tales como en Afganistán, Somalia y Sudán. Un análisis de la reacción de las ONG a esta situación basado en 23 entrevistas semi-estructuradas revela que la identidad importa y desempeña un papel crucial. Por un lado, por motivos relacionados con su identidad, abordar dicha inseguridad resulta complicado para las ONG, que es por lo que tienden a acobardarse a la hora de dar pasos en dicha dirección. Por otro lado, la identidad puede facilitar el aprendizaje organizativo y ayudar a superar barreras organizativas relacionadas con la misma. En este sentido, la identidad permite a las ONG incorporarse a redes de seguridad y cooperar dentro de los límites de las ONG, utilizándola al mismo tiempo como un indicador para distinguir entre aquellos en los puede confiar y aquellos que, por consiguiente, forman parte de la red y aquellos que no.

摘要

近年来,人道主义非政府组织(NGO)在武装冲突蔓延的地方面临着越来越危险的局面,比如在阿富汗、索马里、苏丹等。基于23个半结构化采访开展的NGO对上述事态的响应分析表明,身份发挥着重要的作用。一方面,由于与NGO身份相关的原因,解决这一不安全局面对NGO而言挑战重重,这是为什么NGO通常不采取措施解决这一挑战。另一方面,身份有利于组织认知,有助于克服相关的组织障碍。在这一方面,身份使NGO能加入安全网络,与各个领域的NGO展开合作,同时以此作为指示标志,区分其可以信赖的组织,分辨其他组织是否为安全网络的组成部分。

ملخص

منذ بضع سنوات، تواجه المنظمات الإنسانية الغير حكومية (NGOs) زيادة في إنعدام الأمن في المناطق التي تسود فيها الصراعات المسلحة ، كما هو الحال في أفغانستان والصومال أو السودان. تحليل رد فعل المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs) إلى هذا التطور يعتمد على 23 من المقابلات شبه منظمة يكشف عن أن الهوية شئ مهم وتلعب دورا˝ حاسما˝. من ناحية، لأسباب تتعلق بهويتهم، معالجة هذا يثبت أن إنعدام الأمن تحدي للمنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs)، الذي هو السبب في إنها تميل إلى الخجل من إتخاذ خطوات في هذا الاتجاه. من ناحية أخرى، يمكن أن الهوية تسهل التعلم التنظيمي وتساعد في التغلب على الحواجز التنظيمية المتصلة به. في هذا الصدد الهوية تسمح للمنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs) إلى الإنضمام إلى شبكات الأمن والتعاون عبر حدود المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs)، بينما في الوقت نفسه تستخدمه كمؤشر للتمييز بين الذين يمكنهم أن يثقوا بهم وبالتالي الذين هم جزء من الشبكة والذين ليس كذلك.

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Notes

  1. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  2. These names are used synonymously throughout the analysis.

  3. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 07 December 2011.

  4. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011, author's interview with an NGO security expert, 07 December 2011.

  5. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 14 January 2010.

  6. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 29 September 2009.

  7. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 26 January 2012.

  8. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  9. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  10. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  11. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  12. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  13. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 09 September 2011.

  14. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  15. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  16. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  17. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 26 January 2012; see also author's interview with an NGO security expert, 20 March 2012, author's interview with an NGO security expert, 09 September 2011.

  18. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 15 December 2011.

  19. For other formal and informal security networks see Bickley (2006, pp. 13-15).

  20. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  21. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011; see also author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 January 2012.

  22. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  23. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  24. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 January 2012.

  25. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 January 2012.

  26. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  27. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  28. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  29. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 January 2012.

  30. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 26 January 2012.

  31. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 May 2012.

  32. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 May 2012.

  33. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 May 2012.

  34. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 10 October 2011.

  35. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 07 December 2011.

  36. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 20 October 2011; see also author's interview with an NGO security expert, 26 January 2012; author's interview with an NGO security expert, 12 October 2011.

  37. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 20 October 2011.

  38. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  39. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  40. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 10 October 2011.

  41. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 30 May 2012.

  42. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 09 September 2011; see also author's interview with an NGO security expert, 26 January 2012.

  43. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 12 April 2012.

  44. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 15 December 2011.

  45. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 15 December 2011.

  46. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  47. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 16 March 2012.

  48. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 12 April 2012.

  49. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 26 January 2012.

  50. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 25 April 2012.

  51. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 07 December 2011.

  52. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  53. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  54. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  55. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011.

  56. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 26 January 2012.

  57. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 07 December 2011, author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011, author's interview with an NGO security expert, 16 March 2012.

  58. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 15 December 2011.

  59. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 07 December 2011; see also author's interview with an NGO security expert, 15 December 2011.

  60. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 12 April 2012.

  61. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 16 March 2012.

  62. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 07 December 2011.

  63. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 07 December 2011.

  64. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 November 2011; see also author's interview with an NGO security expert, 04 November 2011.

  65. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 November 2011.

  66. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 18 November 2011.

  67. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 09 September 2011.

  68. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 09 September 2011; author's interview with an NGO security expert, 31 August 2011; author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  69. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 09 September 2011.

  70. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 29 August 2012.

  71. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 29 August 2012.

  72. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 29 August 2011.

  73. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 20 October 2011.

  74. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 23 August 2011.

  75. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 26 January 2012.

  76. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 March 2010.

  77. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 26 January 2012.

  78. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 18 November 2011.

  79. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 18 November 2011.

  80. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 November 2011.

  81. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 November 2011.

  82. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 25 April 2012, see also author's interview with an NGO security expert, 17 November 2011.

  83. An earlier version of this article was presented at the Second GR:EEN Annual Conference at the University of Warwick, 8-9 November 2012. Author's interview with an NGO security expert, 30 May 2012.

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Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the valuable comments of the anonymous reviewers, Ebe Brons, Chase Hannon, Heather Hughes, Jutta Joachim, Thomas Kaye, Javeria Malik, Maarten Merkelbach, Lisa Reilly and EISF, Sicko Pijpker, Jean Renouf, Barry Steyn and Lawrence Tucker-Gardiner. The author also thanks Natalia Dalmer, Pia Honerath, Henriette Lange, Wiebke Pielhop and Debra Noe for their research assistance. Responsibility for any errors lies with the author.

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    Andrea Schneiker

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Schneiker, A. Humanitarian NGO Security Networks and Organisational Learning: Identity Matters and Matters of Identity. Voluntas 26, 144–170 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9401-6

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