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From the Third Sector to the Big Society: How Changing UK Government Policies Have Eroded Third Sector Trust

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Abstract

This article draws on concepts of trust to analyse recent policies affecting public/third sector relationships, examining competition, ‘command and control’ mechanisms and the community turn in shaping cultures of relationships. Drawing on examples from empirical studies in two English inner-city areas we explore ways in which power and controls exerted through dominant organisational cultures and arrangements undermine independent approaches, innovation and organisational learning across sectors. State bodies have taken trust in their actions as given while shifting responsibilities for service delivery and risks of failure to others. We argue that increasing market cultures and regulation have damaged cross-sector trust promoting divisive interests and risk-averse behaviours, restricting the local autonomy, innovation and community action presumed in the Big Society agenda. We conclude by highlighting issues that need to be addressed to ensure future collaboration with community-based providers; these include a focus on the processes and relational spaces which enable alternatives.

Résumé

Cet article s’inspire des concepts de confiance afin d’analyser les politiques récentes affectant les relations entre le public et le secteur tertiaire, par l’examen de la concurrence, des mécanismes de ‘commande et de contrôle’ et de l’intervention de la communauté pour façonner des cultures relationnelles. S’inspirant d’exemples issus d’études empiriques dans deux quartiers déshérités anglais, nous étudions les manières selon lesquelles le pouvoir et les contrôles exercés par le biais de cultures et d’arrangements organisationnels dominants compromettent les approches indépendantes, l’innovation et l’apprentissage organisationnel à travers les secteurs. Les instances de l’état ont tenu pour acquise la confiance dans leurs actions, tout en déléguant les responsabilités des prestations de services et les risques d’échec à d’autres. Nous postulons que des cultures de marché ainsi que des réglementations croissantes ont porté préjudice à la confiance intersectorielle, favorisant des intérêts opposés et des comportements rétifs à toute prise de risque. Ceci a entraîné une limitation de l’autonomie locale, de l’innovation et de l’action communautaire présumées composer le programme de la Big Society. Nous concluons par la mise en exergue des problèmes devant recevoir une solution pour garantir une collaboration future avec des prestataires basés au sein de la communauté; ceci comprend l’accent mis sur les processus et les espaces relationnels permettant les alternatives.

Zusammenfassung

Der vorliegende Beitrag stützt sich auf das Konzept des Vertrauens, um jüngste Richtlinien, die sich auf die Beziehungen des öffentlichen/dritten Sektors auswirken, zu analysieren und untersucht hierzu den Wettbewerb, „Anordnungs- und Kontrollmechanismen“und wie die Gemeinde Beziehungskulturen formt. Anhand von Beispielen aus empirischen Studien, die in zwei Innenstadtbezirken in England durchgeführt wurden, betrachten wir die Art und Weise, in der Macht und Kontrollen durch dominante Organisationskulturen und -systeme unabhängige Vorgehensweisen, Innovation und organisatorisches Lernen in den einzelnen Sektoren untergraben. Staatliche Einrichtungen setzen das Vertrauen in ihre Handlungen voraus, während sie die Verantwortlichkeiten zur Erbringung von Dienstleistungen und die Risiken eines Misserfolgs auf andere übertragen. Wir behaupten, dass vermehrte Marktkulturen und -regulierungen dem sektorübergreifenden Vertrauen geschadet haben, indem sie entzweiende Interessen und risikoscheue Verhaltensweisen hervorrufen und die lokale Autonomie, die Innovation und das gemeinschaftliche Handeln, wovon im „Big-Society“-Programm ausgegangen wird, beschränken. Am Ende stellen wir die Aspekte heraus, die angesprochen werden müssen, um eine zukünftige Zusammenarbeit mit gemeindebasierenden Anbietern gewährleisten zu können; darin eingeschlossen ist die Konzentration auf die Prozesse und relationale Räume, welche Alternativen ermöglichen.

Resumen

El presente artículo hace uso de los conceptos de confianza para analizar las recientes políticas que afectan a las relaciones del tercer sector o sector público, examinando la competencia, los mecanismos de “mando y control” y el giro de la comunidad en la formación de culturas de relaciones. Haciendo uso de ejemplos de estudios empíricos en dos áreas marginales inglesas, exploramos formas en las que el poder y los controles ejercidos mediante culturas y arreglos organizativos dominantes socavan los enfoques independientes, la innovación y el aprendizaje organizativo entre sectores. Los organismos estatales han confiado en sus acciones como algo dado, trasladando al mismo tiempo las responsabilidades de la entrega del servicio y los riesgos de fracaso a otros. Argumentamos que las crecientes culturas de mercado y la regulación han dañado la confianza intersectorial, promoviendo intereses separadores y comportamientos adversos al riesgo, restringiendo la autonomía local, la innovación y la acción de la comunidad asumidas como premisa en la agenda de la Gran Sociedad. Concluimos destacando cuestiones que necesitan ser abordadas para garantizar la futura colaboración con los proveedores con base en la comunidad; éstas incluyen un foco de atención en los procesos y en los espacios relacionales que permiten alternativas.

摘要

本文运用多种信任原则分析了影响公共部门/第三方关系的近期政策,同时考察了竞争、“指挥与控制”机制以及社区反馈在塑造关系文化中的作用。文章用以往对两大英国内陆城市的研究为例,考察了权力和控制措施通过主导性组织文化和结构发挥作用时,对跨部门的独立行为、创新和组织学习造成的损害。 国家机构将信用视作自身行为的前提,却转移了提供服务的职责和失败的风险。我们认为,市场文化和监管力度的强化有损于不同部门间的信任,增加了利益分歧和风险规避,束缚了“大社会”进程所需的地方自治、创新和社区行动。作为结论,我们强调了若干问题。只有这些问题得到重视,才能保障与社区服务团体的未来合作;其中重点论述了可以促成其它途径的程序和关系空间。

ملخص

هذا البحث يعتمد على مفاهيم الثقة لتحليل السياسات الأخيرة التي تؤثر على العلاقات بين القطاع العام/القطاع الثالث، فحص المنافسة، آليات “الأمر والسيطرة” و دور المجتمع في تشكيل الثقافات و العلاقات. نستكشف السبل إستنادا˝على أمثلة من الدراسات التجريبية في منطقتين داخل مدينة إنجليزية التي يمكن بها السلطة والرقابة المبذولة من خلال الثقافات التنظيمية السائدة والترتيبات أن تضعف مكانة نهج مستقل، الإبتكار والتعليم التنظيمي عبرالقطاعات. إتخذت الهيئات الحكومية الثقة في أعمالهم كأمر مسلم به، في حين نقل المسؤوليات لتقديم الخدمات ومخاطر الفشل على الآخرين. فإننا نقول إن ثقافات السوق المتزايدة واللوائح أضرت عبر قطاع الثقة، تعزيز مصالح الانقسام وسلوكيات تجنب المخاطر، تقييد الحكم الذاتي المحلي، الإبتكار والمجتمع المحلي يفترض في جدول أعمال مجتمع كبير. نستنتج من خلال إبراز القضايا التي يجب معالجتها لضمان التعاون في المستقبل مع مقدمي الخدمات المجتمعية؛ هذا يشمل التركيزعلى العمليات والمساحات القريبة التي تمكن البدائل.

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Notes

  1. We have retained the term third sector because of its international currency despite recent political changes in the UK, whereby the Office for the Third Sector has been renamed the Office for Civil Society. Civil Society encompasses wider associational and individual actions in society, where this paper concentrates on formally constituted charities, voluntary and community or not-for-profit organisations.

  2. All locations, organisations and individuals are pseudonyms.

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Milbourne, L., Cushman, M. From the Third Sector to the Big Society: How Changing UK Government Policies Have Eroded Third Sector Trust. Voluntas 24, 485–508 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9302-0

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