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Vectors and vector-borne diseases of horses

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Abstract

Most diseases of horses with zoonotic importance are transmitted by arthropods. The vectors belong to two very distantly related groups, the chelicerate Ixodidae (Acari = ticks) and the hexapod Diptera (true flies). Almost all relevant species are predestined for transmitting pathogens by their blood-sucking habits. Especially species of Diptera, one of the megadiverse orders of holometabolan insects (ca. 150.000 spp.), affect the health status and performance of horses during the grazing period in summer. The severity of pathological effect depends on the pathogen, but also on the group of vectors and the intensity of the infection or infestation. Dipteran species but also blood-sucking representatives of Acari (Ixodidae) can damage their hosts by sucking blood, causing myiasis, allergy, paralysis and intoxication, and also transmit various bacterial, viral, parasitic, spirochetal and rickettsial diseases to animals and also humans. The aim of this review was to provide extensive information on the infectious diseases transmitted by members of the two arthropod lineages (Ixodidae, Diptera) and a systematic overview of the vectors. For each taxon, usually on the ordinal, family, and genus level a short characterisation is given, allowing non-entomologists easy identification. Additionally, the biology of the relevant species (or genera) is outlined briefly.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Peter Sehnal and Mag. Franziska Anderle (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Diptera collection) for preparing the photographs of the Diptera, and to Dr. Alparslan Yıldırım (Erciyes University, Department of Parasitology) for the photos of the Acari.

Conflict of interest statement

None of the authors of this paper has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organisations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey

    A. C. Onmaz

  2. Institute of Special Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Friedrich- Schiller-University, 07743, Jena, Germany

    R. G. Beutel & K. Schneeberg

  3. University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    A. N. Pavaloiu

  4. Museum of Natural History Vienna, 2nd Zoological Department, 1014, Vienna, Austria

    A. Komarek

  5. Department of Small Animals and Horses, Equine Clinic, Section Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary University of Vienna, A-1210, Vienna, Austria

    R. van den Hoven

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Onmaz, A.C., Beutel, R.G., Schneeberg, K. et al. Vectors and vector-borne diseases of horses. Vet Res Commun 37, 65–81 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-012-9537-7

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