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Informal inter-island poultry movement in Indonesia: does it pose a risk to HPAI H5N1 transmission?

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Abstract

Informal movement of domesticated poultry and wild birds is considered a major threat in terms of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 transmission between birds and from birds to humans. However, the risk of transmission from informal illegal poultry movement has received little attention in Indonesia where human fatalities are the highest in the world. This research investigated the illegal movement of adult poultry between the islands of Java, Bali and Lombok to determine the potential risk of HPAI H5N1 transmission. The aim was to determine known origins and destinations of poultry, estimated quantity and types of birds, people involved and the drivers of illegal movement. Transportation and handling methods and views on how to minimise illegal movement were also investigated. In-depth interviews were carried out with 71 key informants in Bali and Lombok in 2009. East Java was the main origin of poultry entering Bali, followed by Central Java and Lombok. Interviewees estimated that over 10,000 village chickens, 500 ducks and 50 fighting cocks were brought into Bali per month from all origins. However, there were significant discrepancies with quarantine records indicating that the majority of birds imported illegally are not detected. We conclude that although informal illegal movement of poultry in Indonesia poses a potentially high risk for potential HPAI H5N1 transmission if birds are infected, much can be done to increase surveillance, encourage reporting of sick birds, educate traders about the risks and provide effective quarantine within an appropriate cultural framework.

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Notes

  1. Collectors refer to the persons who collect chickens and ducks from all sectors of the poultry industry. The collector will either pick up chickens from farms on the way to the live-bird market or collect birds at a central point of collection.

  2. There are two types of vendors: a permanent with a stall at the market and a mobile one. The mobile vendors usually move from one market to another in order to buy and sell birds.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express gratitude to the governments of Bali and West Nusa Tenggara provinces and the community leaders and communities involved in the study for their collaboration, participation, and sharing of information on poultry movements. The authors also acknowledge the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) for funding this research as part of the Livestock Movement and Managing Disease in Eastern Indonesia and Eastern Australia Project managed by the University of Sydney.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Sydney human ethics research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury, NSW, Australia, 2640

    Joanne Millar

  2. Research Center for Rural Development, Mataram University, Indonesia Mataram University, Jl. Pendidikan No. 37, Mataram, 8312, Lombok, Indonesia

    Muktasam Abdurrahman & Wayan Suadnya

  3. Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden Campus, The University of Sydney, J.L. Shute Building, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, Australia

    Jenny-Ann Toribio

  4. Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80232, Indonesia

    Annie Ambarawati & Ria Puspa Yusuf

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  1. Joanne Millar
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  2. Muktasam Abdurrahman
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  3. Jenny-Ann Toribio
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  4. Annie Ambarawati
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  6. Wayan Suadnya
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Correspondence to Joanne Millar.

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Millar, J., Abdurrahman, M., Toribio, JA. et al. Informal inter-island poultry movement in Indonesia: does it pose a risk to HPAI H5N1 transmission?. Trop Anim Health Prod 47, 1261–1269 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0857-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0857-9

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