Abstract
While human illness from milkborne pathogens may be linked to contamination of the product after pasteurization or improper pasteurization, such diseases are usually associated with consumption of raw milk or its by-products. Molecular biology tools were applied to investigate contamination by Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., some pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni in 548 raw milk samples from 125 dairy farms established in two regions from southern Brazil. Moreover, 15 variables were evaluated for their association with raw milk contamination levels, and the risk factors were determined by multiple regression analysis. Salmonella spp. were more frequently detected, followed by pathogenic E. coli. There was difference in contamination index between the regions, in which risk factors such as temporary cattle confinement, low milk production, low milking machine cleaning frequency, and milk storage area without tile walls were identified. The risk factors were specific to each region studied. Nevertheless, the data can be used to improve milk quality of dairy farms/herds with similar management practices.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antognoli, M. C., Lombard, J. E., Wagner, B. A., McCluskey, B. J., Van Kessel, J. S., & Karns, J. S., 2009. Risk factors associated with the presence of viable Listeria monocytogenes in bulk tank milk from US dairies. Zoonoses and Public Health, 56, 77–83
Claeys, W. L., Cardoen, S., Daube, G., De Block, J., Dewettinck, K., Dierick, K., De Zutter, L., Huyghebaert, A., Imberechts, H., Thiange, P., Vandenplas, Y., & Herman, L., 2013. Raw or heated cow milk consumption: Review of risks and benefits. Food Control, 31, 251–262
Clark, C. G., Farber, J., Pagotto, F., Ciampa, N., Dore, K., Nadon, C., Bernard, K., & Ng, L. K., 2010. Surveillance for Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis, 1995–2004. Epidemiology and Infection, 138, 559–572
Cobbaut, K., Berkvens, D., Houf, K., De Deken, R., & De Zutter, L., 2009. Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in different cattle farm types and identification of potential risk factors. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 1848–1853
Dean-Nystrom, E. A., Bosworth, B. T., O’Brien, A. D., & Moon, H. W., 1999. Bovine infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7. In C. S. Stewart, & H. J. Flint (eds), Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Farm Animals, New York, 1999, (CABI Publishing), 51–58
EMBRAPA - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. Principais países produtores de leite no mundo – 2010. 2010. http://www.cnpgl.embrapa.br/nova/informacoes/estatisticas/producao/tabela0212.php. Accessed 12 august, 2013
Farrokh, C., Jordan, K., Auvray, F., Glass, K., Oppegaard, H., Raynaud, S., Thevenot, D., Condron, R., De Reu, K., Govaris, A., Heggum, K., Heyndrickx, M., Hummerjohann, J., Lindsay, D., Miszczycha, S., Moussiegt, S., Verstraete, K.& Cerf, O., 2013. Review of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 162, 190–212
Gonzalez, I., Grant, K. A., Richardson, P. T., Park, S. F., & Collins, M. D., 1997. Specific identification of the enteropathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by using a PCR test based on the ceuE gene encoding a putative virulence determinant. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 759–763
Grove-White, D. H., Leatherbarrow, A. J., Cripps, P. J., Diggle, P. J., & French, N. P., 2010. Temporal and farm-management-associated variation in the faecal-pat prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in ruminants. Epidemiology and Infection, 138, 549–558
Haftu, R., Taddele, H., Gugsa, G., & Kalayou, S., 2012. Prevalence, bacterial causes, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of mastitis isolates from cows in large-scale dairy farms of Northern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 1765–71
Halasa, T., Nielen, M., De Roos, A. P., Van Hoorne, R., de Jong, G., Lam, T. J., van Werven, T., & Hogeveen, H., 2009. Production loss due to new subclinical mastitis in Dutch dairy cows estimated with a test-day model. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 599–606
Hunt, K., Drummond, N., Murphy, M., Butler, F., Buckley, J., & Jordan, K., 2012. A case of bovine raw milk contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. IrishVeterinary Journal, 65, 13.
Jemmi, T. & Stephan, R., 2006. Listeria monocytogenes: food-borne pathogen and hygiene indicator. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 25, 571–80
Jofré, A., Martin, B., Garriga, M., Hugas, M., Pla, M., Rodríguez-Lázaro, D., & Aymerich, T., 2005. Simultaneous detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella by multiplex PCR in cooked ham. Food Microbiology, 22, 109–115
Karns, J.S., Van Kessel, J.S., McClusky, B.J., Perdue, M.L., 2007. Incidence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and E. coli virulence factors in US bulk tank milk as determined by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3212–3219.
Mayer, F. Q., Artigalás, O. A., Lagranha, V. L., Baldo, G., Schwartz, I. V., Matte, U., & Giugliani, R., 2013. Chloramphenicol enhances IDUA activity on fibroblasts from Mucopolysaccharidosis I patients. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 14, 194–198
Mhone, T. A., Matope, G., & Saidi, P. T., 2011. Aerobic bacterial, coliform, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus counts of raw and processed milk from selected smallholder dairy farms of Zimbabwe. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 151, 223–228
O’Brien, A. D., & Kaper, J. B., 1998. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. In J. B. Kaper, & A. D. O’Brien (eds), Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains, Washington DC, 1998 (ASM Press), pp. 1–11
Pangloli, P., Dje, Y., Ahmed, O., Doane, C. A., Oliver, S. P., & Draughon, F. A., 2008. Seasonal incidence and molecular characterization of Salmonella from dairy cows, calves, and farm environment. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 5, 87–96
Perkins, N. R., Kelton, D. F., Hand, K. J., MacNaughton, G., Berke, O., & Leslie, K. E., 2009. An analysis of the relationship between bulk tank milk quality and wash water quality on dairy farms in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 3714–3722
Rahn, K., De Grandis, S. A., Clarke, R. C., McEwen,S. A., Galan, J. E., Ginocchio, C., Curtiss, 3rd., R., & Gyles, C. L., 1992. Amplification of an invA gene sequence of Salmonella typhimurium by polymerase chain reaction as a specific method of detection of Salmonella. Molecular and Cell Probes, 6, 271–279
Romero, C., & Lopez-Goñi, I., 1999. Improved method for purification of bacterial DNA from bovine milk for detection of Brucella spp. by PCR. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 65, 3735–3737
Thong, K. L., Goh, Y. L., Radu, S., Noorzaleha, S., Yasin, R., Koh, Y. T., Lim, V. K., Rusul, G., & Puthucheary, S. D., 2002. Genetic diversity of clinical and environmental strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden isolated in Malaysia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40, 2498–2503
Zucali, M., Bava, L., Tamburini, A., Brasca, M., Vanoni, L., & Sandrucci, A., 2011. Effects of season, milking routine and cow cleanliness on bacterial and somatic cell counts of bulk tank milk. Journal of Dairy Research, 78, 436–441
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Fabiane Brasil for technical support and to colleagues that participated in sampling. EMR and MRL are recipient of FINEP/CNPq scholarships and AVAB is recipient of FAPERGS scholarship. This work was financially supported by CNPq grant number 576961/2008-6. The sponsor had no role on study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that no conflicts of interests exist.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cerva, C., Bremm, C., dos Reis, E.M. et al. Food safety in raw milk production: risk factors associated to bacterial DNA contamination. Trop Anim Health Prod 46, 877–882 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0580-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0580-y