Abstract
The general features of zeolites that led to their widespread use in oil refining and petrochemistry are highlighted as well as the details of their impact on selected processes. The analysis of the catalyst market and the position of zeolites therein is a good indication of their strategic importance. Zeolites have brought many disruptive changes to these fields (e.g. FCC). They impacted also these industries in an equally important way, although more subtle, by incremental improvement of processes. The new and vast challenges facing oil refining and petrochemistry as well as the managed transition to sustainable environmental benign transport fuel industries and chemical industries will require creative science and technologies. Zeolites offer the basis of many of these technological solutions provided efficient and balanced cooperations between industry and academia are further developed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Avidan AA (1993) Stud Surf Sci Catal 76:1
Moulijn JA, Makkee M, van Diepen A (2001) Chemical process technology. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, p 41
Magee JS, Mitchell MM Jr (1992) Fluid catalytic cracking: science and technology. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (2005) Zeolites for cleaner technologies. Imperial College Press, London
Marcilly C (2001) Stud Surf Sci Catal 135:37
Corma A, Martinez A (2005) Stud Surf Sci Catal 157:337
Marcilly C (2005) Acido-basic catalysis—application to refining and petrochemistry. Technip, Paris
Kerr GT (1966) Inorg Chem 5:1537
Chen NY (2001) Ind Eng Chem Res 40(20):4157
http://www.iza-structure.org/databases. Accessed August 2008
Knight LM, Lewis GJ (2004) Stud Surf Sci Catal 154(1):171
Lewis GJ, Miller MA, Moscoso JG, Wilson BA, Knight LM, Wilson ST (2004) Stud Surf Sci Catal 154(1):364
Lewis GJ, Miller MA, WO 2005042149 (2005); Rohde LM, Lewis GJ, WO 2005113439 (2005); Jan D-Y, Johnson J, US 2006224031 (2006), assigned to UOP LLC
Bare SR, Methanol to Olefins: development of a commercial catalytic process, presentation available on http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/%7Ejentoft/catalysis0708.html. Accessed August 2008
Moreau F, Moreau P, Gnep NS, Magnoux P, Lacombe S, Guisnet M (2006) Microporous Mesoporous Mater 90:327
Corma A, Martinez-Soria V, Schnoeveld E (2000) J Catal 192:163
Kuznicki SM, Bell VA, Nair S, Hillhouse HW, Jacubinas RM, Braunbarth CM, Toby BH, Tsapatsis M (2001) Nature 412:720
www.moleculargate.com. Accessed August 2008
Cherry BR, Nyman M, Alam TM, Solid J (2004) State Chem 177:2079
Vartuli JC, Degnan T (2007) Stud Surf Sci Catal 168:837
Schoonover MW, Cohn MJ (2000) Top Catal 13:367
Karge HG, Weitkamp J (eds) (2002) Molecular sieves, science and technology, vol 3. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg
de Jong KP (1998) Cattech 2:87
Stiles AB, Koch TA (1995) Catalyst manufacture. CRC Press
Pernicone N (1997) Catal Today 34(3–4):535
Earl DJ, Deem MW (2006) Ind Eng Chem Res 45:5449
Smit B, Maesen TLM (2008) Nature 451:671
Akporiaye DE, Dahn IM, Karlsson A, Wendelbo R (1998) Angew Chem Int Ed 37:609
Briker M, Vanden Bussche K, McGonegal C, Karlsson A, Akporiaye DE, Dahn IM, Plassen M (2000) Combi 2000, San Diego, January 2000
Prada R (April 6, 2004) Oil Gas J 102(16):58 or Appl Catal A: general 261:247 (2004)
The intelligence report: Business Shift in the Global Catalytic Process Industries 2005–2011 (May 2006). The Catalyst Group Resources, Inc
World Catalysts (January 2007). The Freedonia Group, Inc
Lacson J, Zeolites and Lauriente DH (2002, 2005), Zeolites, Chemical Economic Handbook: Marketing Research Report, SRI Consulting
The Economics of Zeolites (2003) Roskill Information Services
Colella C (2005) Stud Surf Sci Catal 157:13
Marcilly CR (2000) Top Catal 13:357
Degnan TF (2000) Top Catal 13:349
Pujado PR, Rabo JA, Antos GJ, Gembicki SA (1992) Catal Today 13:113
Sherman JD (1999) Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 96:3471
Marcilly C (2004) In: Atwood JL, Steed JW (eds) Encyclopedia of supermolecular chemistry, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, p 1599
Kresge CT, Dhingra SS (2006) Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology, 5 edn. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, p 811
Di Renzo F, Fajula F (2005) Stud Surf Sci Catal 157:1
Barger P (2005) In: Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (eds) Zeolites for cleaner technologies. Imperial College Press, London, p 239
Tanabe K, Hölderich WF (1999) Appl Catal A 181:399
Koottungal L, Nakamura D (2007) Oil Gas J October:52. www.ogjonline.com. Accessed August 2008
Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (2005) In: Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (eds) Zeolites for cleaner technologies. Imperial College Press, London, p 1
Gélin P, des Courrières T (1991) Appl Catal 72:179
Corma A, Grande M, Fornés V, Cartlidge S, Shatlock MP (1990) Appl Catal 66:45
Gélin P, Gueguen C (1988) Appl Catal 38:225
Kubicek N, Vaudry F, Chiche BH, Hudec P, Di Renzo F, Schulz P, Fajula F (1998) Appl Catal A 175:159
Sie ST, Krishna R (1998) Rev Chem Eng 14:159
Rostrup-Nielsen JR (1997) Catal Today 37:225
Méthivier A (2005) In: Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (eds) Zeolites for cleaner technologies. Imperial College Press, London, p 209
Jensen RH (2005) In: Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (eds) Zeolites for cleaner technologies. Imperial College Press, London, p 75
Wauquier J-P (1994) Le Raffinage du Pétrole: Pétrole Brut, Produits Pétroliers, Schémas de Fabrication. Technip, Paris, p 1
Leprince P (1998) Le Raffinage du Pétrole: Procédés de Transformation. Technip, Paris
Meyers RA (2004) Handbook of petroleum refining processes, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Jones DSJ, Pujado PR (2006) Handbook of petroleum processing. Springer, Dordrecht
de Jong KP (1996) Catal Today 29:171
Sie ST (1994) Stud Surf Sci Catal 85:587
Sie ST (1997) In: Ertl G, Knozinger H, Weitkamp J (eds) Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis. VCH, Weinheim, p 1998
Sheldon RA (1997) Chem Ind 1:12
Marin GB, Kapteijn F, van Dieoen AE, Moulijn JA (2000) In: Derouane EG, Lemos F, Corma A, Ribeiro FR (eds) Combinatorial catalysis and high throughput catalyst design and testing. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 239
Schmidt F, Köhler E (2005) In: Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (eds) Zeolites for cleaner technologies. Imperial College Press, London, p 153
Ducourty B, Szabo G, Dath J-P, Gilson J-P, Goupil J-M, Cornet D (2004) Appl Catal A 269:203
Duchet J-C, van Gestel J, Guillaume D, Monnier A, Dujardin C, Gilson J-P, Szabo G, Nascimento P (2001) J Catal 198:328
Martens JA, Tielen M, Jacobs PA (1987) Catal Today 1(4):435
Martens JA, Jacobs PA (1990) Theoretical aspects of heterogeneous catalysis. Van Nortrand, Reinhold
Furey RL (1985) Society of automotive engineers. Technical paper series, Paper No. 852116
Di Renzo S, Fajula F, Figueras F, Des Courières T, US 5165906 (1992), assigned to ELF AQUITAINE
McQueen D, Chiche B, Fajula F, Auroux A, Guimon C, Fitoussi F, Schulz P (1996) J Catal 161:587
Calero S, Schenk A, Dubbeldam D, Maesen TLM, Smit B (2004) J Catal 228:121
van Runstraat A, Kamp JA, Stobbelaar PJ, van Grondelle J, Krijnen S, van Santen RA (1997) J Catal 171:77
Tromp M, van Bokhoven JA, Garriga Oostenbrink MT, Bitter JH, de Jong KP, Koningsberger DC (2000) J Catal 190:209
Vu NT, van Gestel J, Gilson J-P, unpublished results
Enos JL (1962) Petroleum progress and profits—a history of process innovation. MIT Press, Cambridge
Freeman C, Soete L (1999) The economics of industrial innovation. MIT Press, Cambridge
Magee JS, Mitchell MM Jr (1993) Fluid catalytic cracking: science and technology. Elsevier, Amsterdam
von Ballmoos R, Harris DH, Magee JS (1997) In: Ertl G, Knozinger H, Weitkamp J (eds) Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis. VCH, Weinheim, p 1955
Habib ET, Zhao X, Yaluris G, Cheng WC, Boock LT, Gilson J-P (2005) In: Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (eds) Zeolites for cleaner technologies. Imperial College Press, London, p 105
Venuto PB, Habib ET (1979) Fluid catalytic cracking with zeolite catalysts. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York
Rase HF (2000) Handbook of commercial catalyst: heterogeneous catalysts. CRC Press, London
Roberie TG, Hildebrandt D, Creighton J, Gilson J-P (2005) In: Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (eds) Zeolites for cleaner technologies. Imperial College Press, London, p 57
O’Connor P (2006) In: Lee S (ed) Encyclopedia of chemical processing. Taylor & Francis, New York, p 371
van Veen JAR (2005) In: Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (eds) Zeolites for cleaner technologies. Imperial College Press, London, p 131
Maxwell IE, Minderhoud JK, Stork WHJ, van Veen JAR (1997) In: Ertl G, Knozinger H, Weitkamp J (eds) Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis. VCH, Weinheim, p 2017
Gosselink JW (1998) Cattech 2:127
Stork WHJ (1997) Stud Surf Sci Catal 106:41
Leprince P (1998) Le Raffinage du Pétrole: Procédés de Transformation. Technip, Paris, p 550
Weitkamp J, Ernst S (1990) In: Barthomeuf D, Derouane EG, Hölderich W (eds) Guidelines for mastering the properties of molecular sieves. Plenum Press, New York, p 343
Degnan TF, Kennedy CR (1993) Chem Eng J 39:607
de Jong KP (2003) Catal Rev Sci Eng 45:297
Roth WJ, Vartuli JC (2005) Stud Surf Sci Catal 157:91
Čejka J (2005) Stud Surf Sci Catal 157:111
Taylor RJ, McCormack AJ (1992) Ind Eng Chem Res 31:1731
Claude MC, Vanbutsele G, Martens JA (2001) J Catal 203:213
Ernst S, Kumar R, Neuber M, Weitkamp J (1987) Stud Surf Sci Catal 39:531
Deldari H (2005) Appl Catal A 293:1
Daage M (2005) In: Guisnet M, Gilson J-P (eds) Zeolites for cleaner technologies. Imperial College Press, London, p 167
Degnan TF (2003) J Catal 216:32
Kerby MC, Degnan TF, Marler DO, Beck JS (2005) Catal Today 104:55
Homan Free HW, Schockaert T, Sonnemans JWM (1993) Fuel Process Technol 35:111
Koskinen M, Sourander M, Nurminen M (February 2006) Hydrocarbon Process Int Ed 81
Kalnes TN, Marker T, Shonnard DR, Koers KP (2008) Biofuels Technol Q4:7
Jakkula J, Niemi V, Nikkonen J, Purola V-M, Myllyola J, Aalto P, Lehtonen J, Alopaeus V (2004) US 2004230085, assigned to FORTUM OYJ
Huber GW, O’Connor Pl, Corma A (2007) Appl Catal A 329(1):120
Brevoord E, Janbroers S, Harte MH, Aalto P, Harlin E, Osterhom H, Mas Cabre FR (2007) WO 2007107336, assigned to ALBEMARLE NETHERLANDS BV
Clark RH, Wedlock DJ, Cherrillo RA (2005) Fuel Lub 114:1095
Desmarest T (2004) Energies du Futur & environement, Presentation at AFTP, Paris, France, October 20–21, 2004
Chauvel A, Lefebvre G (1989) Petrochemical processes 1. Syngas derivatives and major hydrocarbons. Technip, Paris
Chen NY, Yan TY (1986) Ind Eng Chem Proc Res Dev 25(1):151
Miyata T, Akaishi T (Winter 1995/1996) Hydrocarbon Technology International Quarterly 113
Choi S, Oh SH, Kim YS, Seong KH, Lim BS, Lee JH (2006) Catal Surv Asia 10(2):110
Gentry J, AIChe, The 2008 Spring national meeting, petrochemicals and derivates, paper 95E
Doolan P, Pujado P (September 1989) Hydrocarbon Process Int Ed 72
Mank L, Minkkinen A, Shaddick R (Summer 1992) Hydrocarbon Technology International Quarterly 69
Saito S, Hirabayashi K, Shibata S, Kondo T, Adachi K, Inoue S (March 1992) NPRA annual meeting AM-92-38
Blom NJ, EP 0434052 (1991) assigned to TOPSOE HALDOR AS
Catal Rev Newslett 3:10 (1995) or O’Rear, D.J.; Scheuerman, G.L. Zeolite Catalysis in Chevron, Book of Abstracts, 214th ACS National Meeting; Las Vegas, NV, September 7–11, 1997 or http://www.cpchem.com/enu/press_releases_6993.asp
Catal Rev Newslett 6(2):7 (1993) or Solis, J. J.; Moser, M.D.; Ibanez, F.J. RZ platforming process improves profitability–first new unit at CEPSA, Algeciras, European Oil Refining Conference & Exhibition, Cascais, Portugal, June 18–20, 1997 or http://www.uop.com/objects/RZ%20Platform.pdf
Anton GJ, Aitani AM (eds) (2004) Catalytic naphtha reforming. Marcel Dekker, New York
Chemical Market Associates, Inc. (2004) World benzene analysis. Houston
Thai TC, Albright LF (2006) In: Lee S (ed) Encyclopedia of chemical processing, thermal cracking of hydrocarbons. Taylor & Francis, New York, p 2975
Méreaudeau P, Naccache C (1997) Catal Rev 39(1&2):5
Davis RJ (1994) HCR Concise Review. John Wiley & Sons, New York, p 41
Davies S (2008) Petrochemical Industry Overview, Chemical Economics Handbook: Marketing Research Report, SRI Consulting
Guisnet M, Gnep NS, Morin S (2000) Microporous Mesoporous Mater 35–36:47
Cejka J, Wichterlova B (2002) Catal Rev 44(3):375
Magne-Drisch J, Joly J-F, Merlen E, Alario F, US 6635791 (2003); Rouleau L, Lacombe S, Alario F, Merlen E, Kolenda F, Magne-Drisch J, US 6337063 (2002); Alario F, Joly J-F, Magne-Drisch J, Merlen E, Benazzi E, Lacombe S, US 6337427 (2002), assigned to INST FRANCAIS DU PETROLE Rouleau L, Lacombe S, Alario F, Merlen E, Kolenda F, Magne-Drisch J, US 6342200 (2002); Merlen E, Alario F, Martin O, Ferrer N, Lacombe S, Rouleau L, Magne-Drisch J, US 6514479 (2003); Joly J-F, Magne-Drisch J, Alario F, Merlen E, Benazzi E, Lacombe S, US 6313363 (2001); Joly J-F, Magne-Drisch J, Alario F, Merlen E, Benazzi E, Lacombe S, US 6333289 (2001), assigned to INST FRANCAIS DU PETROLE
Moreau P, Gnep NS, Magnoux P, Guillon E, Lacombe S, Guisnet M (2008) Stud Surf Sci Catal 174(2):1179
Degnan TF, Smith CM, Venkat CR (2001) Appl Catal A 221:283
Woodle GB (2006) In: Lee S (ed) Encyclopedia of chemical processing, ethylbenzene. Taylor & Francis, New York, p 929
Maertz B, Chen SS, Venkat CR, Mazzone DN (Autumn 1996) Hydrocarbon Technology International Quarterly 21
Guarino RF, Li CH (October 1999) Hydrocarbon Eng 39
Schmidt RJ (2006) In: Lee S (ed) Encyclopedia of chemical processing, cumene. Taylor & Francis, New York, p 603
Meima GR, Van den Aalst MJM, Samson MSU, Garces JM, Lee JG (1996) Erdoel Erdgas Kohle 7/8:315
Perego C, Ingallina P (2002) Catal Today 73:3
Degnan TF (2007) Recent progress in the development of zeolitic catalysts for the petroleum refining and petrochemical manufacturing industries. In: 15th international zeolite conference Beijing, China, August 12–17, 2007
Chitnis GK, Dandekar AB, Umansky BS, Brignac GB, Stokes J, Leet WA (2005) NPRA annual meeting, San Francisco, March 13–15, 2005
Köhler E, Schmidt F, Wernicke HJ, De Pontes M, Roberts HL (Summer 1995) Hydrocarbon Technology International Quarterly 37
Godmarks JS, Mathys GMK, Beckers HJ, Yarbrough CM, Brown SH, Lim Y-M, US 2007213575 (2007); Brown SH, Mathys GM, US 2007213576 (2007); Godmarks JS, Mathys GMK, Beckers HJ, Yarbrough CM, Brown SH, Lim Y-M, WO 2007104385 (2007), assigned to EXXONMOBIL CHEMICAL PATENTS INC
Knottenbelt C (2002) Catal Today 71:437
Lieber W, Wagner M (2004) Erdoel Erdgas Kohle 120:323
Hollerbach SD, Van Broekhoven EH, Nat PJ, Nousianinen H, Jakkula J (2002) ERTC 7th annual meeting, Paris, 18–20 November 2002
Feller A, Lercher JA (2004) Adv Catal 48:229
Mukherjee M, Dan Sunciu S (2005) World Refining 15(4):28
Petkovic LM, Ginosar DM (2004) Appl Catal A 275(1–2):235
Ringelhan C, Burgfels G, Neumayr JG, Seuffert W, Klose J, Kurth V (2004) Catal Today 97:277
Bhirud V, Foley T, Pujado P (October 9–11, 2002) Proceedings of the DMGK-conference, Berlin, Germany, p 115
Morigami Y, Kondo M, Abe J, Kita H, Okamoto K (2001) Sep Purif Technol 25:251
Li Y, Zhou H, Zhu G, Liu J, Yang W (2007) J Membr Sci 297:10
Kerze AD, Sato T (March 2007) ARTC conference
Brown SH, Waldecher JR, Lourvanij K, WO 2007058705 (2007); Brown SH, Mohr GD, Clark MC, Lawrence S, WO 2006130248 (2006), assigned to EXXONMOBIL CHEM PATENTS INC
Meriaudeau P, Naccache C (1999) Adv Catal 44:505
Guisnet M, Andy P, Gnep NS, Benazzi E, Travers C (1999) Oil Gas Sci Technol 54(1):23
Weidert DJ (2000) AIChE Spring meeting, March 5–7, 2000
Cowley M (2006) Energy Fuels 20(5):1771
Thomas PJ, Stephen PT (1993) Oil Gas J 24:54
Lillwitz LD (2001) Appl Catal A 221:337
Girotti G (2003) ERTC petrochemicals, Paris
Zinger S (July to September 2005) Petroleum Technology Quarterly 10(4):125
Vermeiren W, Wei DH, James RB, Andersen JM (2003) Hydrocarbon Eng 8(10):79
Koss U (May 1999) Hydrocarbon Eng 66
Ruziska PA, Steffens TR (April 2001) AIChE Spring meeting, Houston
Tsunoda T, Sekiguchi M (2008) Catal Surv Asia 12:1
Tallman M, Borsos S (June 2000) EPTC, Prague
Teng J, Xie Z (2007) ERTC petrochemical conference, Brussels
Gentry JC (March 2000) CMAI world petrochemical conference
Das J, Halgeri AB, US 2002151758 (2002); Das J, Halgeri AB, US 2003092561 (2003), assigned to INDIAN PETROCHEMICALS CORP LTD
Breen JP, Burch R, Kulkarni M, McLaughlin D, Collier PJ, Golunski SE (2007) Appl Catal A 316:53
Nehlsen JP, Mukherjee M (2007) AIChE Spring meeting
Stephen K (19 March 2007) Chemical & Engineering News 46 or Mukherjee M, Nehlsen J, Dixon J, Dan Suciu G, ERTC Petrochemicals Conference 2008, Cannes
Chen JQ, Bozzano A, Glover B, Fuglerud T, Kvisle S (2005) Catal Today 106:103
Liu Z (2007) CTLtec 2007—4th forum on coal conversions technologies & investments, Beijing, March 14–15, 2007
Highlights from DICP in J Nat Gas Chem (2006)15(4) [http://www.jngc.org/download/2006-04-01Highlight.pdf] or China Chemical Reporter (6 July 2005) 16(19):15
China Chemical Reporter (16 November 2007) 14 or Alperowicz N (17 November 2008) Chemical Week 170(35):21
http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/Newsroom/Publications/. TheLamp_3_2005/story4.asp. Accessed December 2005
Koempel H, Liebner W (2007) Stud Surf Sci Catal 167:261
Makoto N (2005) J Jpn Inst Energy 84(4):335
Saruwatari T, Ohue N, Wakui K, Yamakawa F, Furuswa K, Umeki T, Akiyama K, Osada K, Aoi N (2007) 4th Asian DME conference, Fukuoka, Japan, p 439
Wang L, Tao L, Xie M, Xu G, Huang J, Xu Y (1993) Catal Lett 21:35
Japan Chemical Week (6 October 2005) 46(2337):1
http://www.mitsuichem.com/release/2008/080814e_01.htm. Accessed August 2008
Iaccino LL, Stavens EL, Mohr GD, Vincent MJ, WO 2006068800 (2006); Iaccino LL, Sangar N, Stavens EL, US 2007249740 (2007), assigned to EXXONMOBIL CHEM PATENTS INC
Honda K, Chen X, Zhang Z-G (2008) Appl Catal A 351:122
Yoshimura Y, Kijima N, Hayakawa T, Murata K, Suzuki K, Mizukami F, Matano K, Konishi T, Oikawa T, Saito M, Shiojima T, Shiozawa K, Sawada G, Sato K, Matsuo S, Yamaoka N (2000) Catal Surv Jpn 4(2):157–167
Eng C (2007) AIChE Spring national neeting, Houston
Martino G, Courty P, Marcilly C (1997) In: Ertl G, Knozinger H, Weitkamp J (eds) Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis. VCH, Weinheim, p 1801
van Camp C (2005) Catal Today 106:15
Spellings J (2006) The outlook for energy: a view to 2030. ExxonMobil, Irving. Available at: http://www.exxonmobil.com/energyoutlook. Accessed December 2006
Lovins AB, Kyle Datta E (2005) Winning the oil end game. Rocky Mountain Institute, Snowmass. Available at: http://www.oilendgame.com. Accessed December 2005
van der Veer J (2002) The successful market introduction of sustainable technology. In: EET conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, March 14, 2002
http://www.total.com/static/fr/medias/topic3086/sem-020608-Mosconi-vision-Total-2030.pdf. Accessed August 2008
http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reportsand_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008. Accessed August 2008
Junginger M, Faaij A, Rosillo-Calle F, Woods J (September to October 2006) Renewable Energy World 130
Verloop J (2004) Insight in innovation. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Christensen CM (1997) The innovator’s dilemna. Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge
Foster RN (1986) Innovation—the attacker’s advantage. MacMillan, London
Boer FP (2005) Appl Catal A 280:3
Chesbrough H (2003) Open innovation: the new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge
Huston L, Sakkab N (2005) Harvard Bus Rev 84:58
Dearing A (2007) Science 315:344
Acknowledgements
JPG wishes to thank the St-Nikon Foundation for its continuous support over the years in the fields of zeolite and scientific management. WV expresses his appreciation to Philippe Bodart for helping the documentation and to Total Petrochemicals for allowing the preparation of this manuscript. Finally, WV thanks Marjel, Charlotte and Marie, for patience and understanding during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vermeiren, W., Gilson, JP. Impact of Zeolites on the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industry. Top Catal 52, 1131–1161 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-009-9271-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-009-9271-8