Abstract
The benefits of organizing multichannel communications by fragmenting the data in bonded or in aggregated channels have been usually assessed at the media access control layer, being the network traffic the purpose of the studies. Despite the importance of the different kinds of channel organizations over the transmit signal peak-to average power ratio (PAPR) to size the back-off value of the power amplifier, little attention has been paid to it. In this paper the key aspect is the PAPR, which is fundamental to face transmitter designs optimizing the trade-off between linearity and the time-of-life of the batteries. The results are of interest not only in ad hoc cognitive radio networks, but also in some of the latest European Telecommunications Standards Institute and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standards supporting mobility in either wireless local area network environments or in cellular communications. A standardized radio link is used to model a realistic scenario to study different settings of the aggregate channels and to compare them with channel bonding alternatives. Besides, the suitability of some crest factor reduction techniques is here considered for different channel organizations. The results show how the channel organization (contiguous, regular and random spaced), either with bonded or aggregated strategies, affects the PAPR.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Khan, M. A., et al. (2012). Game dynamics and cost of learning in heterogeneous 4G networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 30(1), 198–213.
Wannstrom, J. (2014). LTE-Advanced [Online]. Retrieved October 15, 2014 from http://www.3gpp.org/lte-advanced.
Damnjanovic, A., Montojo, J., Wei, Y., et al. (2011). A survey on 3GPP heterogeneous networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 18(3), 10–21.
López-Pérez, D., et al. (2013). On distributed and coordinated resource allocation for interference mitigation in self-organizing LTE networks. IEEE Transactions on Networking, 21(4), 1145–1158.
Duarte, P. B. F., Fadlullah, Z Md, Vasilakos, A. V., & Kato, N. (2012). On the partially overlapped channel assignment on wireless mesh network backbone: A game theoretic approach. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 30(1), 119–127.
Berlemann, L., & Mangold, S. (2009). Cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access. New York: Wiley.
Xu, L., Yamamoto, K., & Yosrhida, S. (2007). Performance comparison between channel-bonding and multi-channel CSMA. In Proceedings of IEEE communications and networking conference. Hong Kong: WCNC.
Byun, S.-S., et al. (2014). Computation of an equilibrium in spectrum markets for cognitive radio networks. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 63(2), 304–316.
Goratti, L., Baldini, G., & Rabbachin, A. (2014). An urn occupancy approach for cognitive radio networks in DTVB white spaces. Telecommunication Systems, 56, 229–244. doi:10.1007/s11235-013-9832-9.
Attar, A., et al. (2012). A survey of security challenges in cognitive radio networks: Solutions and future research directions. Proceedings of the IEE, 100(12), 3172–3186.
Sheng, Z., et al. (2013). A survey on the ietf protocol suite for the internet of things: Standards, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Wireless Communications, 20(6), 91–98.
Chen, M., et al. (2014). A survey of recent developments in home M2M networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(1), 98–114. First Quarter.
Wang, X., et al. (2012). A survey of green mobile networks: Opportunities and challenges. Mobile Networks and Applications, 17(1), 4–20.
Han, K., Luo, J., Liu, Y., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2013). Algorithm design for data communications in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks: A survey. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(7), 107–113.
Vasilakos, A. V., et al. (2012). Delay tolerant networks: Protocols and applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Zeng, Y., et al. (2013). Directional routing and scheduling for green vehicular delay tolerant networks. Wireless Networks, 19(2), 161–173.
ETSI. Harmonized European Standard. (2010). Fixed radio systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-to-point equipment and antennas; Part 2-2: Digital systems operating in frequency band. Harmonized European Standard, ETSI EN 302 217-2-2 V1.4.1 (2010-07).
Youssef, M., et al. (2014). Routing metrics of cognitive radio networks: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 16(1), 92–109.
Martorell, G., Riera-Palou, F., & Femenias, G. (2014). Modeling fast link adaptation-based 802.11n distributed coordination function. Telecommunication Systems, 56, 215–227. doi:10.1007/s11235-013-9831-x.
Joshi, S., Pawełczak, P., Čabrić, D., & Vilasenor, J. (2012). When channel bonding is beneficial for opportunistic spectrum access networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 11(11), 3942–3956.
Jiao, L., Pla, V., & Li, F. Y. (2010). Analysis on channel bonding/aggregation for multi-channel cognitive radio networks. In Proceedings of European Wireless 2010, EWC (pp. 468–474). Lucca, Italy.
Balapuwaduge, I. A. M. (2014). Performance evaluation of channel aggregation strategies in cognitive radio networks with queues [Online] (pp. 81–90). Norway: University of Agder. Retrieved October 15, 2014 from http://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/handle/11250/92952/discover.
Jiang, T., et al. (2012). QoE-driven channel allocation schemes for multimedia transmission of priority-based secondary users over cognitive radio networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 30(7), 1215–1224.
Chakravarthy, V., et al. (2009). Novel overlay/underlay cognitive radio waveforms using SD-SMSE framework to enhance spectrum efficiency- part i: theoretical framework and analysis in AWGN channel. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 57(12), 3794–3804.
Salameh, H. B., Krunz, M., & Manzi, D. (2013). Spectrum bonding and aggregation with guard-band awareness in cognitive radio networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 13(3), 569–581.
Jiao, L., Li, F. Y., & Pla, V. (2012). Modeling and performance analysis of channel assembling in multichannel cognitive radio networks with spectrum adaptation. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 61(6), 2686–2697.
Anand, S., Hong, K., Sengupta, S., & Chandramouli, R. (2011). Is channel fragmentation/bonding in IEEE 802.22 networks secure?. IEEE international conference on communications, ICC2011 (pp. 1–5). Kyoto.
Cordeiro, C. & Ghosh, M. (2006). Channel bonding versus channel aggregation. IEEE 802.22 WG Document No. 22-06-0108-00-0000.
Alsabbagh, E., Yu, H., & Gallagher, K. (2013). 802.11ac design considerations for mobile devices. Microwave Journal, 56(2), 80–88.
Mc Callister, R. (2013). Ideal amplification of broadband signals. International Journal on Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 5, 179–186.
CEPT. (2007). Harmonized radio frequency channel arrangements for analogue and digital terrestrial fixed systems operating in the band 12.75 GHz to 13.25 GHz. In CEPT/ERC/RECOMMENDATION 12-02E, Working Group “Spectrum Engineering” (2007).
McCune, E. (2010). Modern wireless signals [Online]. Retrieved October 15, 2014 from http://www.bessernet.com/BesserBlog/?p=179.
Agilent. (2000). Characterizing digitally modulated signals with CCDF curves. Agilent Technologies. Application note (2000).
Watkins, G., & Wang, S. (2014). The impact of power amplifier turn-on characteristics in cognitive radio networks. Microwave Journal, 57(3), 86–92.
Wang, L., & Tellambura, C. (2005). A simplified clipping and filtering technique for PAR reduction in OFDM systems. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 12(6), 453–456.
Rajbanshi, R., Wyglinski, A. M, & Minden, G. J. Peak-to-average power ratio analysis for NC-OFDM transmissions. In Proceedings of IEEE 66th vehicular technology conference, VTC-2007. Baltimore, MA, USA.
Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under Project TEC2014-58341-C4-3-R, and by the Secretary for Universities and Research of the Government of Catalonia, under Grant 014 SGR 1103.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bertran, E. Assessment of the peak-to-average power ratio in different channel organization strategies. Telecommun Syst 62, 363–373 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-015-0080-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-015-0080-z