Abstract
In this paper, illocutionary acts of commanding will be differentiated from perlocutionary acts that affect preferences of addressees in a new dynamic logic which combines the preference upgrade introduced in DEUL (dynamic epistemic upgrade logic) by van Benthem and Liu with the deontic update introduced in ECL II (eliminative command logic II) by Yamada. The resulting logic will incorporate J. L. Austin’s distinction between illocutionary acts as acts having mere conventional effects and perlocutionary acts as acts having real effects upon attitudes and actions of agents, and help us understand why saying so can make it so in explicit performative utterances. We will also discuss how acts of commanding give rise to so-called “deontic dilemmas” and how we can accommodate most deontic dilemmas without triggering so-called “deontic explosion”.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Austin, J. L. (1955). How to do things with words. The William James Lectures, Harvard University. In J. O. Urmson & M. Sbisà (Eds.), How to do things with words (2nd ed., 1975). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Baltag, A., Moss, L. S., & Solecki, S. (1999). The logic of public announcements, common knowledge, and private suspicions. Technical report, TR534, Department of Computer Science (CSCI), Indiana University.
Brandom R.B. (1994) Making it explicit: Reasoning, representing, and discursive commitment. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts/London, England
Demri S. (2005) A reduction from DLP to PDL. Journal of Logic and Computation 15(5): 767–785
Føllesdal D., Hilpinen R. (1971) Deontic logic: An introduction. In: Hilpinen R.(eds) Deontic logic: Introductory and systematic readings. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 1–35
Gerbrandy, J. (1999). Bisimulations on Planet Kripke. Ph.D. thesis, University of Amsterdam. ILLC Dissertation Series DS-1999-01.
Gerbrandy J., Groeneveld W. (1997) Reasoning about information change. Journal of Logic, Language, and Information 6: 147–169
Goble L. (2005) A logic for deontic dilemmas. Journal of Applied Logic 3(3–4): 461–483
Grice, H. P. (1957). Meaning. The Philosophical Review, 66, 377–388. Reprinted in H. P. Grice (1989). Studies in the way of words (pp. 213–223). Cambridge, Massachusetts/London, England: Harvard University Press.
Groenendijk J., Stokhof M. (1991) Dynamic predicate logic. Lingusitics and Philosophy 14(1): 39–100
Hamblin C.L. (1972) Quandaries and the logic of rules. Journal of Philosophical Logic 1: 74–85
Horty J.F. (1994) Moral dilemmas and nonmonotonic logic. Journal of Philosophical Logic 23: 35–65
Horty J.F. (2003) Reasoning with moral conflicts. Noûs 37(4): 557–605
Kooi B., Tamminga A. (2007) Moral conflicts between groups of agents. Journal of Philosophical Logic 37: 1–21
Kooi, B., & van Benthem, J. (2004). Reduction axioms for epistemic actions. In R. Schmidt, I. Pratt-Hartmann M. Reynolds, & H. Wansing (Eds.), Preliminary Proceedings of AiML-2004: Advances in Modal Logic (pp. 197–211). Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester.
Marcus R.B. (1980) Moral dilemmas and consistency. Journal of Philosophy 77(3): 121–136
Mastop, R. J. (2005). What can you do? Imperative mood in semantic theory. Ph.D. thesis, University of Amsterdam. ILLC Dissertation Series DS-2005-03.
Plaza, J. A. (1989). Logics of public communications. In M. L. Emrich, M. S. Pfeifer, M. Hadzikadic, & Z. W. Ras (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems (pp. 201–216).
Pucella, R., & Weissman, V. (2004). Reasoning about dynamic policies. In I. Walukiewicz (Ed.), FOSSACS 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 2987, pp. 453–467). Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer-Verlag.
Sbisà M. (1984) On illocutionary types. Journal of Pragmatics 8: 93–112
Sbisà M. (2001) Illocutionary force and degree of strength in language use. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 1791–1814
Sbisà, M. (2005). How to read Austin. Paper presented at the 9th International Pragmatics Conference, Riva del Garda, 10–15 July.
Searle J. (1964) How to derive “ought” from “is”. The Philosophical Review 73: 43–58
Searle J. (1969) Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Searle J. (1979) Expression and meaning. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Strawson P.F. (1964) Intention and convention in speech acts. The Philosophical Review 73: 439–460
van Benthem J., Liu F. (2007) Dynamic logic of preference upgrade. Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 17(2): 157–182
van der Meyden R. (1996) The dynamic logic of permission. Journal of Logic and Computation 6(3): 465–479
van der Torre, L. W. N., & Tan, Y.-H. (1999). An update semantics for deontic reasoning. In P. McNamara & H. Prakken (Eds.), Norms, logics and information systems. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications (Vol. 49, pp. 73–90). IOS Press.
van Ditmarsch, H., van der Hoek, W., & Kooi, B. (2007). Dynamic epistemic logic. Synthese Library (Vol. 337). Dordrecht: Springer.
van Fraassen B.C. (1973) Values and the heart’s command. Journal of Philosophy 70(1): 5–19
Veltman F. (1996) Defaults in update semantics. Journal of Philosophical Logic 25: 221–261
Veltman F. (2005) Making counterfactual assumptions. Journal of Semantics 22: 159–180
von Wright G.H. (1951) Deontic logic. Mind 60: 1–15
von Wright G.H. (1991) Is there a logic of norms?. Ratio Juris 4(3): 265–283
Walton D.N., Krabbe E.C. (1995) Commitment in dialogue: Basic concepts of interpersonal reasoning. State University of New York Press, Albany
Yamada, T. (2007a). Acts of commanding and changing obligations. In K. Inoue, K. Sato, & F. Toni (Eds.), Computational logic in multi-agent systems, 7th International Workshop, CLIMA VII, Hakodate, Japan, May 2006, Revised selected and invited papers. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 4371, pp. 1–19). Berlin/Heidelburg/New York: Springer-Verlag.
Yamada, T. (2007b). Logical dynamics of commands and obligations. In T. Washio, K. Satoh, H. Takeda, & A. Inokuchi (Eds.), New frontiers in artificial intelligence, JSAI 2006 Conference and Workshops, Tokyo, Japan, June 2006, Revised selected papers. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 4384, pp. 133–146). Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer-Verlag.
Žarnić, B. (2003). Imperative change and obligation to do. In K. Segerberg & R. Sliwinski (Eds.), Logic, law, morality: Thirteen essays in practical philosophy in honour of Åqvist. Uppsala Philosophical Studies (Vol. 51, pp. 79–95). Uppsala: Department of Philosophy, Uppsala University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yamada, T. Logical dynamics of some speech acts that affect obligations and preferences. Synthese 165, 295–315 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-008-9368-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-008-9368-9