Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Coronal Observations of CMEs

Report of Working Group A

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

CMEs have been observed for over 30 years with a wide variety of instruments. It is now possible to derive detailed and quantitative information on CME morphology, velocity, acceleration and mass. Flares associated with CMEs are observed in X-rays, and several different radio signatures are also seen. Optical and UV spectra of CMEs both on the disk and at the limb provide velocities along the line of sight and diagnostics for temperature, density and composition. From the vast quantity of data we attempt to synthesize the current state of knowledge of the properties of CMEs, along with some specific observed characteristics that illuminate the physical processes occurring during CME eruption. These include the common three-part structures of CMEs, which is generally attributed to compressed material at the leading edge, a low-density magnetic bubble and dense prominence gas. Signatures of shock waves are seen, but the location of these shocks relative to the other structures and the occurrence rate at the heights where Solar Energetic Particles are produced remains controversial. The relationships among CMEs, Moreton waves, EIT waves, and EUV dimming are also cloudy. The close connection between CMEs and flares suggests that magnetic reconnection plays an important role in CME eruption and evolution. We discuss the evidence for reconnection in current sheets from white-light, X-ray, radio and UV observations. Finally, we summarize the requirements for future instrumentation that might answer the outstanding questions and the opportunities that new space-based and ground-based observatories will provide in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akmal, A., et al.: 2001, ApJ 553, 922.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Asai, A., Yokoyama, T., Shimojo, M., and Shibata, K.: 2004, ApJ 605, L77.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Aurass, H., Vršnak, B., and Mann, G.: 2002a, A&A 384, 273.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastian, T. S., and Gary, D. E.: 1997, JGR 102, 14031.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastian, T. S., Pick, M., Kerdraon, A., Maia, D., and Vourlidas, A.: 2001, ApJL 558, L65.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastian, T. S.: 2003, Adv. Space Res. 32, 2705.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, M.: 1984, Geophys. Astrophys. Fl. Dyn. 30, 79.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogod, V. M., Grebinskij, A. S., Opeikina, L. V., and Gelfreikh, G. B.: 1998, Three-Dimensional Structure of Solar Active Regions, ASP Conf. Ser. 155, p. 279.

  • Boischot, A.: 1957, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 244, 1326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boischot, A., and Clavelier, B.: 1968, IAU Symposium 35: Structure and Development of Solar Active Regions, p. 565

  • Bothmer, V., and Schwenn, R.: 1996, Adv. Sp. Res. 17, 319.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brueckner, G. E., Koomen, M. J., and Tousey, R.: 1972, Sol. Phys. 24, 254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brueckner, G. E.: 1974, IAU Symposium 57, 333.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brueckner, G. E., et al.: 1995, Sol. Phys. 162, 357.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkepile, J. K., Hundhausen, A. J., Stanger, A. L., St. Cyr, O. C., and Seiden, J. A.: 2004, JGR 109, A03101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F., Behannon, K. W., and Klein, L. W.: 1987, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 5725.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F., Plunkett, S. P., and St. Cyr., O. C.: 2002, JGR 107, SSH1B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canfield, R. C., et al.: 1993, ApJ 411, 362.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Canfield, R. C., Hudson, H. S., and McKenzie, D. E.: 1999, GRL 26, 627.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., et al.: 2000, Astrophys. J. 533, 481.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciaravella, A., et al.: 1997, ApJ Lett. 491, 59.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciaravella, A., et al.: 2000, ApJ 529, 575.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciaravella, A., Raymond, J. C., Li, J., Reiser, P., Gardner, L. D., Ko, Y.-K., et al.: 2002, ApJ 575, 1116.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciaravella, A., Raymond, J. C., van Ballegooijen, A., Strachan, L., Vour-lidas, A., Li, J., et al.: 2003, ApJ 597, 1118.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciaravella, A., Raymond, J. C., Kahler, S., Vourlidas, A., and Li, J.: 2005,ApJ 621, 1121.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciaravella, A., Raymond, J. C., and Kahler, S. K.: 2006, ApJ, submitted.

  • Claßen, H. T., Mann, G., Klassen, A., and Aurass, H.: 2003, A&A 409, 309.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cremades, H., and Bothmer, V.: 2004, A&A 422, 307.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cremades, H., and Bothmer, V.: 2005, IAU Symposium 226, 48.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Crifo, F., Picat, J. P., and Cailloux, M.: 1983, Solar Phys. 83, 143.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Czaykowska, A., de Pontieu, B., Alexander, D., and Rank, G.: 1999, ApJL 521, L75.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Delaboudiniére, J.-P., Artzner, G. E., Brunaud, J., et al.: 1995, Solar Phys. 162, 291.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Démoulin, P., Mandrini, C. H., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., Thompson, B. J., Plunkett, S., Kovári, Zs., et al.: 2002 A&A 382, 650.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dere, K. P., Wang, D., and Howard, R.: 2005, ApJL 620, L119.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • DeVore, C. R.: 2000, ApJ 539, 954.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobrzycka, D., Raymond, J. C., Biesecker, D. A., Li, J., and Ciaravella, A.: 2003, ApJ 588, 586.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Domingo, V., et al.: 1995, Sol. Phys. 162, 1.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dulk, G. A., and McLean, D. J.: 1978, Solar Phys. 57, 279.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, W. C., Kassim, N. E., and Perley, R. A.: 2000, Radio Astronomy at Long Wavelengths, p. 303.

  • Filippov, B., and Koutchmy, S.: 2002, Sol. Phys. 208, 283.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, T. G., and Acton, L. W.: 1996 ApJ 459, 330.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, T. G., Linker, J. A., et al.: 2006, Space Sci. Rev. this volume, 10.1007/s11214-006-9019-8.

  • Frost, K. J.: 1974, IAU Symp. 57: Coronal Disturbances. p. 421.

  • Gallagher, P. T., Dennis, B. R., Krucker, S., Schwartz, R. A., and Tolbert, A. K.: 2002, Solar Phys. 210, 341.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gary, D. E., and Hurford, G. J.: 1990, ApJ 36, 290.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gary, D. E., and Keller, C. U.: 2004, Solar and Space Weather Radiophysics – Current Status and Future Developments (Dordrecht: Kluwer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergely, T. E., Kundu, M. R., Munro, R. H., and Poland, A. I.: 1979, ApJ 230, 575.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. E., et al.: 2002, ApJ 574, 1021.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. E., and Low, B. C.: 1998, ApJ 493, 460.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, H. R., Serex, E. C., Holzer, T. E., MacQueen, R. M., and McIntosh, P. S.: 2001, ApJ 550, 1093.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, W. D., and Tsurutani, B. T.: 1987, PSS 35, 1101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., and Kundu, M. R.: 1989, Solar Phys. 122, 145.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., and Kundu, M. R.: 1990, ApJL 365, L31.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., and Kundu, M. R.: 1992, ApJL 390, 37.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Kundu, M. R., Hanaoka, Y., Enome, S., Lemen, J. R., and Akioka, M.: 1996, New Astron. 1, 207.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Hanaoka, Y., Kundu, M. R., Enome, S., Lemen, J. R., Akioka, M., and Lara, A.: 1997, ApJ 475, 348.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Nitta, N., Manoharan, P. K., Raoult, A., and Pick, M. 1999, A&A 347, 684.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Kaiser, M. L. Jones, D. L., and The Alfa Team: 1999, in: T. S. Bastian, N. Gopalswamy and K. Shibasaki, (eds.), Proceedings of the Nobeyama Symposium, held in Kiyosato, Japan, Oct. 27-30, 1998, NRO Report No. 479., p. 447.

  • Gopalswamy, N., and Thompson, B. J.: 2000, J. Atm. Solar-Terres. Phys. 62, 16, 1457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., et al.: 2000a, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 145.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N. Hanaoka, Y., and Hudson: 2000, Adv. Space Res. 25(9), 1851.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Yashiro, S., Kaiser, M. L., Howard, R. A., Bougeret, J.-L.: 2001, ApJ 548, L91–L94.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Yashiro, S., Michalek, G., Kaiser, M. L., Howard, R. A., Reames, D. V., et al.: 2002, ApJ 572, L103–L107.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., et al.: 2003, GRL 30(12), SEP 3–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Lara, A., Yashiro, S., and Howard, R. A.: 2003b, ApJ 598, L63.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N.: 2004a, in: Poletto, G., and Suess, S. (ed.), The Sun and the Heliosphere as an Integrated System, ASSL series, (Kluwer: Boston), p. 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Yashiro, S., Krucker, S., Stenborg, G., and Howard, R. A.: 2004, J. Geophys. Res. 109, 12105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Yashiro, S., Krucker, S., and Howard, R.A: 2005, in: Dere, K. P., Wang, J., and Yan, Y. (eds.), Coronal and Stellar Mass Ejections, International Astronomical Union, p. 367.

  • Gopalswamy, N., Yashiro, S., Liu, Y., Michalek, G., Vourlidas, A., Kaiser, M. L., et al.: 2005a, J. Geophys. Res. 110, A09S15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Fleck, B., and Gurman, J. B.: 2005b, in: Rao, M., and Murthy, R. L. N. (eds.),IAA “Bringing Space Benefits to the Asia Region” (Bangalore: Asronautical Society of India).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Mikic, Z., et al.: 2006, Space Science Reviews, this volume, 10.1007/s11214-006-9020-2

  • Gosling, J. T., Birn, J., and Hesse, M.: 1995, GRL 22, 869.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. M., López Fuentes, M. C., Mandrini, C. H., Démoulin, P., Van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., Culhane, J. L.: 2002, Sol. Phys. 208, 43.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Habbal, S. R., Mossman, A., Gonzalez, R., and Esser, R.: 1996, JGR 101, 19943.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanaoka, Y., et al.: 1994 PASJ 46, 205.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Handy, B. N., et al.: 1999, Sol. Phys. 187, 229.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. A.: 1986, A&A 162, 283.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. A.: 2003, Adv. Sp. Res. 32, 2425.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. A., et al.: 1995, Sol. Phys. 162, 233.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, J. W., and Sheeley, N. R.: 1979, SSRv 23, 139.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, S. M., et al.: 2005, Sol. Phys. 226, 255.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, R. A., Michels, D. J., Sheeley, N. R., Jr., and Koomen, M. J.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 263, L101.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, R. A., et al.: 1985, JGR 90, 8173.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, R. A., et al.: 1997, in: Crooker, N., Joselyn, J., and Feynman, J. (eds.), Coronal Mass Ejections, (Washington DC: Amer. Geophys. Union), p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, R. A., Moses, J. D., Socker, D. G., Dere, K. P., and Cook, J. W.: 2002, Adv. Sp. Res. 29(12), 2017.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, H. S., Acton, L. W., and Friedland, S. L.: 1996, ApJ 470, 629.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, H. S., Acton, L. W., Harvey, K. L., and McKenzie, D. E.: 1999, ApJL 513, L83.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hundhausen, A. J.: 1985, in: Stone, R. G., and Tsurutani, B. T. (eds.), Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere, A Tutorial Review, (Washington: AGU), p. 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hundhausen, A. J.: 1987, Sixth International Solar Wind Conference, p. 181.

  • Hundhausen, A. J.: 1993, JGR 98, 13177.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Illing, R. M. E., and Hundhausen, A. J.: 1983, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10,210.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Innes, D. E., Curdt, W., Schwenn, R., Solanki, S., Stenborg, G., and McKenzie, D. E.: 2001, ApJL 549, L249.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Innes, D. E., McKenzie, D. E., and Wang, T.: 2003a, Sol. Phys. 217, 267.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Innes, D. E., McKenzie, D. E., and Wang, T.: 2003b, Sol. Phys. 217, 247.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Irimajiri, Y., Takano, T., Nakajima, H., Shibaska, K., Hanaoka, Y., and Ichimoto, K.: 1995, Sol. Phys. 156, 363.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, S. W.: 1992, Ann. Revs. Astron. Ap. 30, 113.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, S. W., and Hudson, H. S.: 2001, JGR 106, 29,239.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, S. W., and Hundhausen, A. J.: 1992, JGR 97, 1619.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, S. W.: 2001, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 20947.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kallenrode, M.-B., and Cliver, E. W.: 2001, Proceedings of the ICRC 2001, 3318.

  • Karlický, M., Fárnik, F., and Krucker, S.: 2004, A&A 419, 365.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kathiravan, C., Ramesh, R., and Subramanian, K. R.: 2002, ApJL 567, L93.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, P., et al.: 2001, in: Pinho, J. T., Santos Cavalcante, G. P., and Oliveira, L. A. H. G. (eds.), Proc. SBMO/IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave and Optoelectronic Conf., (Piscataway, IEEE), p. 439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, P., et al.: 2003, J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerdraon, A., Pick, M., Trottet, G., Sawyer, C., Illing, R., Wagner, W., et al.: 1983, ApJL 265, L19.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerdraon, A., and Delouis, J.: 1997, in: Trottet, G. (ed.), Coronal Phsyics from Radio and Space Observations; Proceedings of the CESRA Workshop held in Nouan le Fuzelier, (Berlin: Springer Verlag), p. 192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, J. I., and Hudson, H. S.: 2000, GRL 27, 1083.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiplinger, A. L.: 1995, ApJ 453, 973.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kliem, B., Karlický, M., and Benz, A. O.: 2000, A&A 360, 715.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ko, Y.-K., Raymond, J. C., Lin, J., Lawrence, G., Li, J., and Fludra, A.: 2003, ApJ 594, 1068.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohl, J., et al.: 1995, Sol. Phys. 162, 313.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp, R. A., and Pneuman, G. W.: 1976, Sol. Phys. 50, 85.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Krucker, S., and Lin, R.: 2002, Sol. Phys. 210, 229.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Krucker, S., Christe, S., Lin, R. P., Hurford, G. J., and Schwartz, R. A.: 2002, Sol. Phys. 210, 445.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kundu, M. R.: 1965, Solar Radio Astronomy, (New York: Interscience Publication).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusano, K., Maeshiro, T., Yokoyama, T., and Sakurai, T.: 2002, ApJ 577, 501.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lantos, P., Kerdraon, A., Rapley, C. G., and Bentley, R. D.: 1981, A&A 101, 33.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lara, A., Gopalswamy, N., Caballero-Lopez, R., Yashiro, S., and Valdes-Galicia, J.: 2005, ApJ 625, 441.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Leamon, R. J., Canfield, R. C., and Pevtsov, A. A.: 2002, JGR 107, SSH1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J.-Y., Raymond, J. C., Ko, Y.-K., and Kim, K.-S.: 2006, ApJ, submitted.

  • Li, G., and Zank, G. P.: 2005, GRL 32, L02101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, H., Kuhn, J. R., and Coulter, R.: 2004, ApJ 613, L177.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J.: 2002, ChJAA 2, 539.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J., and Forbes, T. G.: 2000, JGR 105, 2375.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J., Raymond, J. C., and van Ballegooijen, A. A.: 2004, ApJ 602, 422.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J., Ko, Y.-K., Sui, L., Raymond, J. C., Stenborg, G. A., Jiang, Y., et al.: 2005, ApJ 622, 1251.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R. P., Dennis, B. R., Hurford, G. J., and 63 co-authors: 2002, Solar Phys. 210, 3.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Linker, J., et al.: 1999, JGR 104, 9809.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Linker, J., Lionello, R., Mikic and Amari, T.: 2001, JGR 106, 25165.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Low, B.-C.: 1982, ApJ 254, 796.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Low, B.-C.: 1984, ApJ 281, 392.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Low, B.-C.: 1996, Sol. Phys. 167, 217.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Low, B.-C.: 2001, JGR 106, 25,141.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Luhmann, J. G., Li, Y., Zhao, X., and Yashiro, S.: 2003, Solar Phys. 213, 367.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancuso, S., Raymond, J. C., Kohl, J., Ko, Y.-K., Uzzo, M., and Wu, R.: 2002, A& A 383, 267.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Marqué, C.: 2004, ApJ 602, 1037.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S. F., and McAllister, A. H.: 1996, Magnetodynamic Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere - Prototypes of Stellar Magnetic Activity, IAU Colloq. 153, p. 497.

  • Marsch, E., Antonucci, E., Bochsler, P., Bougeret, J.-L., Fleck, B., Harrison, R., et al.: 2002, Adv. Sp. Res. 29, 2027.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, S., Kosugi, T., Hara, H., Tsuneta, S., and Ogawara, Y.: 1994, Nature 371, 495.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, D. E., and Hudson, H. S.: 1999, ApJ 519, L93.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, D. E.: 2000, Sol. Phys. 195, 381.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf, T. R., Jiao, L., McClymont, A. N., Canfield, R. C., and Uitenbroek, H.: 1995, ApJ 439, 474.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Milkey, D. L., Canfield, R. C., Labonte, B. j., Leka, K. D., Waterson, M. F., and Weber, H. M.: 1996, Sol. Phys. 168, 229.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, Y.-J., Choe, G. S., Wang, H. M., Park, Y. D., Gopalswamy, N., Yang, G., et al.: 2002, ApJ 581, 694.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, T., and Davila, J.: 2004, Science 305, 66.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreton, G. E., and Ramsey, H. E.: 1960, PASP 72, 357.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moses, D. Clette, F., Delabouniniere, J.-P., and 32 co-authors: 1997, Sol. Phys. 175, 571.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Munro, R. H., et al.: 1979, Solar Phys. 61, 201.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima et al.: 1994, Proceedings of Kofu Symposium, Kofu, Japan, Sept. 6–10, 1993, p. 185.

  • Nindos, A., and Zhang, H.: 2002, ApJL 573, 133.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Panasyuk, A.: 1999, JGR 104, 9721.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1961, in: Liller, W. (ed.), Space Astrophysics, (New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1963, in: Evans, J. W. (ed.), Proceedings of IAU Symposium 16, (New York: Academic Press), p. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne-Scott, R., Yabsley D. E., and Bolton, J. G.: 1947, Nature 160, 256.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pick, M.: 1986, Solar Phys. 104, 19.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pick, M., Demoulin, P., Krucker, S., Malandraki, O., and Maia, D.: 2005, ApJ 625, 1019.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pick, M., Forbes, T. G., Mann, G., et al.: 2006, Space Science Reviews, this volume, 10.1007/s11214-006-9021-1.

  • Plunkett, S. P., et al.: 1998, GRL 25, 2477.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Plunkett, S. P., et al.: 2000, Solar Phys. 61, 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pohjolainen, S., Maia, D., Pick, M., et al.: 2001, Astrophys. J. 556, 421.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaty, R., and Lingenfelter, R. E.: 1967, JGR 72, 879.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramesh, R., Subramanian, K. R., Sundararajan, M. S., and Sastry, C. V.: 1998, Sol. Phys. 181, 439.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A. P., Ananthakrishnan, S., Balasubramanian, V., and Coles, W. A.: 1995, Solar Wind 8, 94.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Raouafi, N.-E., Mancuso, S., Solanki, S. K., Inhester, B., Mierla, M., Stenborg, G., et al.: 2004, A&A 424, 1039.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, J. C., Thompson, B. J., St. Cyr, O. C., Gopalswamy, N., Kahler, S., Kaiser, M., et al.: 2000, GRL 27, 1439.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, J. C., Ciaravella, A., Dobrzycka, D., Strachan, L., Ko, Y.-K., Uzzo, M., et al.: 2003, ApJ 597, 1106.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, J. C., and Ciaravella, A.: 2004, ApJL 606, L159.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, A. C.: 1970, Sol. Phys. 13, 448.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. D.: 1985, Solar Radiophysics: Studies of Emission from the Sun at Metre Wavelengths, p. 385.

  • Rust, D. M.: 1983, SSRv 34, 21.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rust, D. M., and Kumar, A.: 1994, Sol. Phys. 155, 69.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rust, D. M.: 2001, JGR 106, 25,075.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakurai, T., Shibata, K., Ichimoto, K., Tsuneta, S., and Acton, L. W.: 1992, PASJ 44, 123.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherrer, P. H., et al.: 1995, Sol. Phys. 162, 129.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwenn, R.: 1986, Space Sci. Rev. 44, 139.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwenn, R., dal Lago, A., Huttunen, E., and Gonzales, W. D.: 2005, Ann. Geophys. 23, 1033.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheeley, N. R., Howard, R. A., Koomen, M. J., and Michels, D. J.: 1983, ApJ 272, 349.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheeley, N. R., Jr., Wang, Y.-M., Hawley, S. H., and other 15 authors: 1997, ApJ 484, 472.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheeley, N. R., Jr., Walters, J. H., Wang, Y.-M, and Howard, R. A.: 1999, JGR 104, 24,739.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheeley, N. R., Jr., Hakala, W. N., and Wang, Y.-M.: 2000, JGR 103, 5081.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheeley, N. R., Jr., and Wang, Y.-M.: 2002, ApJ 579, 874.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, K. V.: 1970, Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of Australia 1, 376.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sime, D. G., and Hundhausen, A. J.: 1987, JGR 92, 1049.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, M., and Axford, W. I.: 1966, PSS 14, 901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skumanich, A., Lites, B. W., Martinez, P. V., and Seagraves, P.: 1997, ApJS 110, 357.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. F., and Harvey, K. L.: 1971, in: Macris, C. J. (ed.) Physics of the Solar Corona, p. 156.

  • Solanki, S. K., Lagg, A., Woch, J., Krupp, N., and Collados, M.: 2003, Nature 425, 692.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Spirock, T. J., Denker, C., Varsik, J., Shumko, S., Qiu, J., Gallagher, P., et al.: 2001, AGUSM, SP51B-06.

  • Srivastava, N., Schwenn, R., Inhester, B., Stenborg, G., and Podlipnik, B.: 1999, Space. Sci. Rev. 87, 303.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, N., Schwenn, R., Inhester, B., Martin, S. F., and Hanaoka, Y.: 2000, ApJ 534, 468.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • St. Cyr, O. C., et al.: 2000, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 18,169.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenborg, G., Bagalá. L. G., Bauer, O. H., Borda, R. F., Francile, C., Haerendel, G., Rovira, M. G., et al.: 2000, J. Atmos. Terrest. Phys. 62, 1553.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sterling, A. C., and Hudson, H. S.: 1997, ApJL 491, 55.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sterling, A. C., Hudson, H. S., Thompson, B. J., and Zarro, D. M.: 2000, ApJ 532, 628.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, R. T.: 1985, Solar Radiophysics: Studies of Emission from the Sun at Metre Wavelengths, p. 361.

  • Sui, L., and Holman, G. D.: 2003, ApJL 596, L251.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Swarup, G.: 2000, Radio Astronomy at Long Wavelengths. p. 297.

  • Tandberg-Hanssen, E.: 1995, The Nature of Solar Prominences (Kluwer, Dordrecht).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, B. J., Plunkett, S. P., Gurman, J. B., Newmark, J. S., St. Cyr, O. C., and Michels, D. J.: 1998, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 2465.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, B. J., et al.: 1999, Astrophys. J. 517, L151.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi, D., Bothmer, V., and Cremades, H.: 2004, ApJ 422, 337.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi, D., Solanki, S. K., Schwenn, R., et al.: 2006, A&A, in press.

  • Tsuneta, S.: 1996, ApJ 456, 840.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta, S., Hara, H., Shimizu, T., Acton, L. W., Strong, K. T., Hudson, H. S., and Ogawara, Y.: 1992, PASJ 44, L63.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaiana, G. S., Davis, J. M., Giacconi, R., Krieger, A. S., Silk, J. K., Timothy, A. F., et al.: 1973, ApJL 185, L47.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vourlidas, A., et al.: 2002, in: Wilson, A. (ed.), Solar Variability: From Core to Outer Frontiers. 10th Eur. Sol. Phys. Mtg, Prague, Czech Republic. ESA SP-506, Vol. 1. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, p. 91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vourlidas, A., Subramanian, P., Dere, K. P., and Howard, R. A.: 2000, ApJ 534, 456.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vourlidas, A., Wu, S. T., Wang, A. H., Subramanian, P., and Howard, R. A.: 2003, ApJ 598, 1392.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.-M., Sheeley, N. R., Jr., Howard, R. A., St. Cyr. O. C., and Simnett, G. M.: 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 1203.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.-M., and Sheeley, N. R. Jr.: 2002a, ApJ 567, 1211.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.-M., and Sheeley, N. R. Jr.: 2002b, ApJ 575, 542.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, D. F., and Hundhausen, A. J.: 1987, Sol. Phys. 108, 383.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, D. F., Burkepile, J., Forbes, T. G., and Riley, P.: 2003, JGR 108, SSH6-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegelmann, T.: 2004, Sol. Phys. 219, 87.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegelmann, T., Lagg, A., Solanki, S. K., Inhester, B., and Woch, J.: 2005, Astron. Astrophys. 433, 701.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • White, S., Kassim, N. E., and Erickson, W. C.: 2003, in: Keil, S. L., and Avakyan, S. V. (eds.), Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 4853, p. 111.

  • Wiik, J. E., et al.: 1997, Sol. Phys. 175, 411.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wild, J. P.: 1969, Sol. Phys. 9, 260.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm, K., et al.: 1995, Sol. Phys. 162, 189.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yashiro, S., Gopalswamy, N., Michalek, G., and Howard, R. A.: 2003, Adv. Space Res. 32, 2631.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yashiro, S., Gopalswamy, N., Michalek, G., St. Cyr, O. C., Plunkett, S. P., Rich, N. B., et al.: 2004, JGR 109, A07105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama, T., Akita, K., Morimoto, T., Inoue, K., and Newmark, J.: 2001, ApJL 546, L69.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zandanov, V. G., Altyntsev, A. T., and Lesovoi, S. V.: 1999, in: Bastian, T. S., Gopalswamy, N., and Shibasaki, K. (eds.), Proceedings of the Nobeyama Symposium, Held in Kiyosato, Japan, Oct. 27-30, 1998, NRO Report No. 479., p.425–428. p. 425.

  • Zhang, J., Dere, K. P., Howard, R. A., Kundu, M. R., and White, S. M.: 2001, ApJ 559, 452.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Dere, K. P., Howard, R. A., and Vourlidas, A.: 2004, ApJ 604, 420.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhitnik, I., et al.: 2003a, MNRAS 338, 67.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhitnik, I., et al.: 2003b, Adv. Sp. Res. 32(12), 2573.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Katlenburg-Lindau, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany

    R. Schwenn, A. Ciaravella & D. Tripathi

  2. Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA

    J. C. Raymond

  3. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA

    D. Alexander

  4. INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

    A. Ciaravella

  5. School of Computational Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

    N. Gopalswamy, M. Reiner & J. Zhang

  6. NASA GSFC, Lab. for Extraterrestrial Physics, Greenbelt, MD, USA

    N. Gopalswamy, M. Reiner & J. Zhang

  7. US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

    R. Howard, A. Vourlidas & Y.-M. Wang

  8. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

    H. Hudson

  9. Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, CRAAM, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

    P. Kaufmann

  10. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CCS, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    P. Kaufmann

  11. Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    A. Klassen

  12. CICGE, Observatório Astronómico Professor Manuel de Barros, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Vila nova de Gaia, Portugal

    D. Maia

  13. Instituto de Geofísica, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico

    G. Munoz-Martinez

  14. LESIA, UMR 8109 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France

    M. Pick

  15. Udaipur Solar Observatory, Physical Research Laboratory, Udaipur, India

    N. Srivastava

Authors
  1. R. Schwenn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. C. Raymond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. Alexander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. Ciaravella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. N. Gopalswamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. R. Howard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. H. Hudson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. P. Kaufmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. A. Klassen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. D. Maia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. G. Munoz-Martinez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. M. Pick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. M. Reiner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. N. Srivastava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. D. Tripathi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. A. Vourlidas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Y.-M. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. J. Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Schwenn.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schwenn, R., Raymond, J.C., Alexander, D. et al. Coronal Observations of CMEs. Space Sci Rev 123, 127–176 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9016-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9016-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation