Skip to main content
Log in

The Foreshock

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Arthur, C., R. L. M. Pherron, and J. D. Means: 1976, ‘A comparative study of three techniques for using the spectral matrix in wave analysis’. Radio Sci. 11, 833.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Asbridge, J. R., S. J. Bame, and I. B. Strong: 1968, ‘Outward flow of protons from the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 5777–5782.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bale, S. D., D. Burgess, P. J. Kellogg, K. Goetz, and S. J. Monson: 1997, ‘On the amplitude of intense Langmuir waves in the terrestrial electron foreshock’. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 11,281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balikhin, M., T. D. de Wit, H. S. C. K. Alleyne, L. J. C. Woolliscroft, S. N. Walker, V. Krasnosel'skikh, W. A. C. Mier-Jedrzejeowicz, and W. Baumjohann: 1997a, ‘Experimental determination of the dispersion of waves observed upstream of a quasi-perpendicular shock’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 787–790.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Balikhin, M. A., L. J. C. Woolliscroft, H. S. C. Alleyne, M. Dunlop, and M. A. Gedalin: 1997b, ‘Determination of the dispersion of low frequency waves downstream of a quasiperpendicular collisionless shock’. Ann. Geophys. 15, 143–151.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Balogh, A., S. J. Schwartz, S. D. Bale, M. A. Balikhin, D. Burgess, T. S. Horbury, V. V. Krasnoselskikh, H. Kucharek, B. Lembège, E. A. Lucek, E. Möbius, M. Scholer, M. F. Thomsen, and S. N. Walker: 2005, ‘Cluster at the Earth's Bow Shock: Introduction’. Space Sci. Rev. this issue.

  • Balogh, A. et al.: 1997, ‘The Cluster magnetic field investigation’. Sci. Rev. 79, 65–91.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bame, S. J., J. R. Asbridge, W. C. Feldman, J. T. Gosling, G. Paschmann, and N. Sckopke: 1980, ‘Deceleration of the solar wind upstream from the Earth's bow shock and the origin of diffuse upstream ions’. J. Geophys. Res. 85(6), 2981–2990.

  • Barnes, A.: 1970, ‘Theory of generation of bow-shock-associated hydromagnetic waves in the upstream interplanetary medium’. Cosmic Electrodyn. 1, 90–114.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bendat, J. and A. G. Piersol: 1980, Engineering applications of correlation and spectral analysis, pp. 54–56. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

  • Bendat, J. S. and A. G. Piersol: 1986, Random Data Analysis and Measurement Procedures. John Wiley and Sons, 2 edition.

  • Blanco-Cano, X., G. Le, and C. T. Russell: 1999, ‘Identification of foreshock waves with 3-s period’. J. Geophys. Res. 104(3), 4643–4656.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco-Cano, X. and S. J. Schwartz: 1997, ‘Identification of low-frequency kinetic wave modes in the Earth's ion foreshock’. Ann. Geophys. 15, 273–288.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonifazi, C. and G. Moreno: 1981, ‘Reflected and diffuse ions backstreaming from the Earth's shock 2. Origin’. J. Geophys. Res. 86(15), 4405–4414.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Born, M. and E. Wolf: 1980, Principles of optics - 6th ed., pp. 503–504, 550. New York: Pergamon press.

  • Brinca, A. L.: 1991, ‘Cometary Linear Instabilities: From Profusion to Perspective’. In: A. D. Johnstone (ed.): Geophysical Monograph 61: Cometary Plasma Processes. American Geophysical Union, pp. 211–221.

  • Burgess, D.: 1989a, ‘Cyclic behavior at quasi-parallel collisionless shocks’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 16, 345–348.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, D.: 1989b, ‘On the effect of a tangential discontinuity on ions specularly reflected at an oblique shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 472–478.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, D.: 1995, ‘Foreshock-shock interaction at collisionless quasi-parallel shocks’. Adv. Space Res. 15(8/9), 159–169.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Balogh, A. et al.: 1997, ‘The Cluster magnetic field investigation’. Space THE FORESHOCK Burgess, D.: 1997, ‘What do we really know about upstream waves?’. 20, 673–682.

  • Burgess, D., E. A. Lucek, M. Scholer, S. D. Bale, M. A. Balikhin, A. Balogh, T. S. Horbury, V. V. Krasnoselskikh, H. Kucharek, B. Lembège, E. Möbius, S. J. Schwartz, M. F. Thomsen, and S. N. Walker: 2005, ‘Quasi-parallel Shock Structure and Processes’. Space Sci. Rev. this issue.

  • Cairns, I. H. and P. A. Robinson: 1997, ‘First test of stochastic growth theory for Langmuir waves in Earth's foreshock’. J. Geophys. Res. 24, 369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, I. H. and P. A. Robinson: 1999, ‘Strong evidence for stochastic growth of Langmuir-like waves in Earth's foreshock’. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3066.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, I. H., P. A. Robinson, R. R. Anderson, and R. J. Strangeway: 1997, ‘Foreshock Langmuir waves for unusually constant solar wind conditions: data and implications for foreshock structure’. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 24,249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drury, L. O.: 1983, ‘An introduction to the theory of diffusive shock acceleration of energetic particles in tenuous plasmas’. Rep. Prog. Phys. 46, 973–1027.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudok de Wit, T., V. V. Krasnosel'skikh, S. D. Bale, M. W. Dunlop, H. Lühr, S. J. Schwartz, and L. J. C. Woolliscroft: 1995, ‘Determination of dispersion relations in quasi-stationary plasma turbulence using dual satellite data’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2653–2656.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Eastwood, J. P., A. Balogh, M. W. Dunlop, T. S. Horbury, and I. Dandouras: 2002, ‘Cluster observations of fast magnetosonic waves in the terrestrial foreshock’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 2046, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015582.

  • Eastwood, J. P., A. Balogh, and E. A. Lucek: 2003, ‘On the existence of Alfvén waves in the terrestrial foreshock’. Ann. Geophys. 21, 1457–1465.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Eastwood, J. P., A. Balogh, C. Mazelle, I. Dandouras, and H. Reme: 2004, ‘Oblique propagation of 30s period fast magnetosonic foreshock waves: A Cluster case study’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L04804, doi:10.1029/2003GL018897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etcheto, J. and M. Faucheaux: 1984, ‘Detailed study of electron plasma waves upstream of the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 6631.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairfield, D.: 1969, ‘Bow shock associated waves observed in the far upstream interplanetary medium’. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 3541–3553.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairfield, D. H.: 1974, ‘Whistler waves observed upstream from collisionless shocks’. J. Geophys. Res. 79(10), 1368–1378.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Farris, M. H., S. M. Petrinec, and C. T. Russell: 1991, ‘The thickness of the magnetosheath: Constraints on the polytropic index’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18(10), 1821–1824.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fazakerley, A. N., A. J. Coates, and M.W. Dunlop: 1995, ‘Observations of upstream ions, solar wind ions and electromagnetic waves in the Earth's foreshock’. Adv. Space Res. 15(8/9), 103–106.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, W. C., J. R. Asbridge, S. J. Bame, and M. D. Montgomery: 1973, ‘Solar wind heat transport in the vicinity of the Earth's bow shock’. J.Geophys.Res. 78, 3697–3713.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Filbert, P. and P. J. Kellogg: 1979, ‘Electrostatic noise at the plasma frequency beyond the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 1369.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzenreiter, R. J.: 1995, ‘The electron foreshock’. Adv. Space Res. 15(8/9), (8/9)9–(8/9)27.

  • Fitzenreiter, R. J., A. J. Klimas, and J. D. Scudder: 1984, ‘Detection of bump-on-tail reduced electron velocity distributions at the electron foreshock boundary’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 496–499.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, R. A., B. J. Kotick, and R. D. Elliott: 1967, ‘Polarization analysis of natural and artificially induced geomagnetic micropulsations’. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 2871–2883.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fredricks, R. W., F. L. Scarf, and L. A. Frank: 1971, ‘Nonthermal electrons and high-frequency waves in the upstream solar wind’. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 6691–6699.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuselier, S. A.: 1994, ‘Suprathermal ions upstream and downstream from the Earth's bow shock’. In: M. J. Engebretson, K. Takahashi, and M. Scholer (eds.): Solar Wind Sources of Magnetospheric Ultra-Low-Frequency Waves Geophysical Monograph 81. American Geophysical Union, pp. 107–119.

  • Fuselier, S. A.: 1995, ‘Ion distributions in the earth's foreshock upstream from the bow shock’. Adv. Space Res. 15(8/9), (8/9)43–(8/9)52.

  • Fuselier, S. A., J. T. Gosling, and M. F. Thomsen: 1986, ‘The motion of ions specularly reflected off a quasi-parallel shock in the presence of large-amplitude, monochromatic MHD waves’. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4163–4170.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuselier, S. A., D. A. Gurnett, and R. J. Fitzenreiter: 1985, ‘The downshift of electron plasma oscillations in the electron foreshock region’. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 3935.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuselier, S. A. and M. F. Thomsen: 1992, ‘He2+ in field aligned beams: ISEE results’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19(5), 437–440.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuselier, S. A., M. F. Thomsen, S. P. Gary, S. J. Bame, C. T. Russell, and G. K. Parks: 1986a, ‘The phase relationship between gyrophase-bunched ions and MHD-like waves’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13(1), 60–63.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuselier, S. A., M. F. Thomsen, J. T. Gosling, S. J. Bame, and C. T. Russell: 1986b, ‘Gyrating and intermediate ion distributions upstream from the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 91(1), 91–99.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gary, S.: 1993, Theory of Space Plasma Microinstabilities. Cambridge: Cambridge Atmos. Space Science Series.

  • Gary, S. P.: 1985, ‘Electromagnetic ion beam instabilities: hot beams at interplanetary shocks’. Astrophys. J. 288, 342–352.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gary, S. P., J. T. Gosling, and D. W. Forslund: 1981, ‘The electromagnetic ion beam instability upstream of the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 86(15), 6691–6696.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Glassmeier, K.-H., U. Motschmann, M. Dunlop, A. Balogh, M. H. Acuña, C. Carr, G. Musmann, K.-H. Fornaçon, K. Schweda, J. Vogt, E. Georgescu, and S. Buchert: 2001, ‘Cluster as a wave telescope - first results from the fluxgate magnetometer’. Ann. Geophys. 19, 1439–1447.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J. T., J. R. Asbridge, S. J. Bame, G. Paschmann, and N. Sckopke: 1978, ‘Observations of two distinct populations of bow shock ions in the upstream solar wind’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5, 957–960.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J. T., M. F. Thomsen, S. J. Bame, W. C. Feldman, G. Paschmann, and N. Sckopke: 1982, ‘Evidence for specularly reflected ions upstream from the quasi-parallel bow shock’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 1333–1336.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J. T., M. F. Thomsen, S. J. Bame, and C. T. Russell: 1989, ‘On the source of the diffuse, suprathermal ions observed in the vicinity of the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 94(4), 3555–3563.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstadt, E.W.: 1985, ‘Oblique, Parallel, and Quasi-Parallel Morphology of Collisionless Shocks’. In: B. T. Tsurutani and R. G. Stone (eds.): Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere: Reviews of Current Research Geophysical Monograph 35. American Geophysical Union, pp. 169–184.

  • Greenstadt, E. W. and L. W. Baum: 1986, ‘Earth's compressional foreshock boundary revisited Observations by the ISEE 1 magnetometer’. J. Geophys. Res. 91(10), 9001–9006.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstadt, E. W., I. M. Green, G. T. Inouye, A. J. Hundhausen, S. J. B. I. B., and Strong: 1968, ‘Correlated magnetic field and plasma observations of the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 51–60.

  • Greenstadt, E. W., G. Le, and R. J. Strangeway: 1995, ‘ULF waves in the foreshock’. Adv. Space. Res. 15, 71–84.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstadt, E. W. and M. M. Mellott: 1985, ‘Variable field-to-normal angles in the shock foreshock boundary observed by ISEE 1 and 2’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 12, 129–132.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurgiolo, C., G. K. Parks, and B. H. Mauk: 1983, ‘Upstream gyrophase bunched ions: a mechanism for creation at the bow shock and the growth of velocity space structure through gyrophase mixing’. J. Geophys. Res. 88(11), 9093–9100.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurnett, D. A., R. L. Huff, and D. L. Kirchner: 1997, ‘The Wide-Band Plasma Wave Investigation’. Space Sci. Rev. 79, 195–208.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hada, T., C. F. Kennel, and T. Terasawa: 1987, ‘Excitation of compressional waves and the formation of shocklets in the Earth's foreshock’. J. Geophys. Res. 92(5), 4423–4435.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe, M. M. and C. T. Russell: 1983, ‘Plasma rest frame frequencies and polarizations of the lowfrequency upstream waves: ISEE 1 and 2 observations’. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 2021–2028.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe, M. M., C. T. Russell, L. A. Frank, T. E. Eastman, and E. W. Greenstadt: 1981, ‘Upstream hydromagnetic waves and their association with backstreaming ion populations: ISEE 1 and 2 observations’. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 4471–4492.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, M. and T. Terasawa: 1985, ‘Numerical study of the upstream wave excitation mechanism 1. Nonlinear phase bunching of beam ions’. J. Geophys. Res. 90(1), 57–64.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ipavich, F. M., J. T. Gosling, and M. Scholer: 1984, ‘Correlation between the He/H ratios in upstream particle events and in the solar wind’. J. Geophys. Res. 89(3), 1501–1507.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, F. C. and D. C. Ellison: 1991, ‘The plasma physics of shock acceleration’. Space Sci. Rev. 58(3–4), 259–346.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kis, A., M. Scholer, B. Klecker, E. Möbius, E. Lucek, H. Réme, J. M. Bosqued, L. M. Kistler, and H. Kucharek: 2004, ‘Multispacecraft observations of diffuse ions upstream of Earth's bow shock’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L20801, doi:10.1029/2004GL020759.

  • Krauss-Varban, D. and N. Omidi: 1993, ‘Propagation characteristics of waves upstream and downstream of quasi-parallel shocks’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1007–1010.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Krauss-Varban, D., N. Omidi, and K. B. Quest: 1994, ‘Mode properties of low frequency waves: Kinetic Theory versus Hall-MHD’. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 5987–6009.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Le, G. and C. T. Russell: 1990, ‘A study of coherence length of ULF waves in the Earth's foreshock’. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 10,703–706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le, G. and C. T. Russell: 1992a, ‘A study of ULF wave foreshock morphology - I: ULF foreshock boundary’. Planet. Space Sci. 40(9), 1203–1213.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Le, G. and C. T. Russell: 1992b, ‘A study of ULF wave foreshock morphology - II: spatial variation of ULF waves’. Planet. Space Sci. 40(9), 1215–1225.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Le, G. and C. T. Russell: 1994, ‘The Morphology of ULF Waves in the Earth's Foreshock’. In: M. J. Engebretson, K. Takahashi, and M. Scholer (eds.): Solar Wind Sources of Magnetospheric Ultra-Low-Frequency Waves, Geophysical Monograph 81. American Geophysical Union, pp. 87–98.

  • Le, G., C. T. Russell, M. F. Thomsen, and J. T. Gosling: 1992, ‘Observations of a new class of upstream waves with periods near 3 seconds’. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2917–2925.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R. P., C.-I. Meng, and K. A. Anderson: 1974, ‘30- to 100keV protons upstream from the Earth's bow shock’. J.Geophys.Res. 79, 489–498.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucek, E. A., T. S. Horbury, A. Balogh, I. Dandouras, and H. Rème: 2004, ‘Cluster observations of hot flow anomalies’. J. Geophys. Res.pp. A06207, doi:10.1029/2003JA010016.

  • Mazelle, C., D. Le Quéau, and K. Meziane: 2000, ‘Nonlinear wave-particle interaction upstream from the Earth's bow shock’. Nonlinear Proc. Geophys. 7, 185–190.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazelle, C., K. Meziane, D. Le Quéau, M. Wilber, J. P. Eastwood, H. Re, J. A. Sauvaud, J. M. Bosqued, I. Dandouras, M. McCarthy, L. M. Kistler, B. Kleckler, A. Korth, M. B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, R. Lundin, and A. Balogh: 2003, ‘Production of gyrating ions from nonlinear waveparticle interaction upstream from the Earth's bow shock: a case study from Cluster-CIS’. Planet. Space Sci. 51, 785–795.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meziane, K. and C. d'Uston: 1998, ‘A statistical study of the upstream intermediate ion boundary in the Earth's foreshock’. Ann. Geophys. 16, 125–133.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meziane, K., C. Mazelle, C. D'Uston, H. Rème, R. P. Lin, C.W. Carlson, D. Larson, J. P. McFadden, R. E. Ergun, K. A. Anderson, G. K. Parks, D. Berdichevsky, and R. P. Lepping: 1997, ‘Wind observation of gyrating-like ion distributions and low frequency waves upstream from the Earth's bow shock’. Adv. Space. Res. 20, 703–706.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meziane, K., C. Mazelle, R. P. Lin, D. Le Quéau, D. E. Larson, G. K. Parks, and R. P. Lepping: 2001, ‘Three-dimensional observations of gyrating ion distributions far upstream from the Earth's bow shock and their association with low-frequency waves’. J. Geophys. Res. 106(4), 5731–5742.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meziane, K., C. Mazelle, M. Wilber, D. Le Quéau, J. Eastwood, H. Rème, I. Dandouras, J. Sauvaud, J. Bosqued, G. Parks, L. Kistler, M. McCarthy, B. Klecker, A. Korth, M. Bavassano-Cattaneo, R. Lundin, and A. Balogh: 2004a, ‘Bow shock specularly reflected ions in the presence of lowfrequency electromagnetic waves: a case study’. Ann. Geophys. 22, 2325–2335.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meziane, K., M. Wilber, C. Mazelle, D. Le Quéau, H. Kucharek, E. A. Lucek, H. Rème, A. M. Hamza, J. A. Sauvaud, J. M. Bosqued, I. Dandouras, G. K. Parks, M. McCarthy, B. Klecker, A. Korth, M. B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, and R. N. Lundin: 2004b, ‘Simultaneous observations of field-aligned beams and gyrating ions in the terrestrial foreshock’. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A05107, doi:10.1029/2003JA010374.

  • Motschmann, U., T. I. Woodward, K.-H. Glassmeier, D. J. Southwood, and J. L. Pinçon: 1996, ‘Wavelength and direction filtering by magnetic measurements at satellite arrays: Generalized minimum variance analysis’. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 4961–4965.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Narita, Y., K.-H. Glassmeier, S. S. S., U. Motschmann, K. Sauer, I. Dandouras, K.-H. Fornaçon, E. Georgescu, and H. Rème: 2003, ‘Dispersion analysis of ULF waves in the foreshock using Cluster data and the wave telescope technique’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1710, doi:10.1029/2003GL017432.

  • Narita, Y., K.-H. Glassmeier, S. Schãfer, U. Motschmann, M. Fränz, I. Dandouras, K.-H. Fornaçon, E. Georgescu, A. Korth, H. Rème, and I. Richter: 2004, ‘Alfvén waves in the foreshock propagating upstream in the plasma rest frame: Statistics from Cluster Observations’. Ann. Geophys. 22, 2315–2323.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, K. W., T. von Rosenvinge, and A. C. Durney: 1977, ‘International Sun-Earth Explorer: A Three-Spacecraft Program’. Science 198(4313), 131–138.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Orlowski, D. S., C. T. Russell, D. Krauss-Varban, N. Omidi, and M. F. Thomsen: 1995, ‘Damping and spectral formation of upstream whistlers’. J. Geophys. Res. 100(9), 17117–17128.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Paschmann, G., G. Haerendel, N. Sckopke, E. Möbius, H. L¨hr, and C. W. Carlson: 1988, ‘Threedimensional plasma structures with anomalous flow directions near the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 11279–11294.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Paschmann, G., N. Sckopke, S. J. Bame, J. R. Asbridge, J. T. G. C. T. Russell, and E. W. Greenstadt: 1979, ‘Association of low-frequency waves with suprathermal ions in the upstream solar wind’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 209–212.

  • Paschmann, G., N. Sckopke, I. Papamastorakis, J. R. Asbridge, S. J. Bame, and J. T. Gosling: 1981, ‘Characteristics of reflected and diffuse ions upstream from the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 4355–4364.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinçon, J. and F. Lefeuvre: 1991, ‘Local characterization of homogeneous turbulence in a space plasma from simultaneous measurement of field components at several points in space’. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1789–1802.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinçon, J. and U. Motschmann: 1998, ‘Multi-Spacecraft Filtering: General Framework’. In: G. Paschmann and P. Daly (eds.): Analysis methods for multi-spacecraft data, ISSI Sci. Rep. SR-001. Bern: ISSI, pp. 65–78.

  • Reiner, M. J., M. L. Kaiser, J. Fainberg, M. D. Desch, and R. G. Stone: 1996, ‘2fp radio emission from the vicinity of the Earth's foreshock: WIND observations’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23(10), 1247–1250.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Réme, H., J. M. Bosqued, J. A. Sauvaud, A. Cros, J. Dandouras, C. Aoustin, C. Martz, J. L. Médale, J. Rouzaud, E. Möbius, K. Crocker, M. Granoff, L. M. Kistler, D. Hovestadt, B. Klecker, G. Paschmann, M. Ertl, E. K¨nneth, C.W. Carlson, D.W. Curtis, R. P. Lin, J. P. McFadden, J. Croyle, V. Formisano, M. DiLellis, R. Bruno, M. B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, B. Baldetti, G. Chionchio, E. G. Shelley, A. G. Ghielmetti, W. Lennartson, A. Korth, H. Rosenbauer, I. Szemerey, R. Lundin, S. Olson, G. K. Parks, M. McCarth, and H. Balsiger: 1997, ‘The CLUSTER Ion Spectrometry Experiment’. Space Sci. Rev. 79, 303.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, P. A., I. H. Cairns, and D. A. Gurnett: 1993, ‘Clumpy Langmuir waves in the type III radio sources: comparison of stochastic-growth theory with observations’. Astrophys. J. 407, 790–800.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, C. T.: 1994, ‘Planetary Upstream Waves’. In: M. J. Engebretson, K. Takahashi, and M. Scholer (eds.): Solar Wind Sources of Magnetospheric Ultra Low Frequency Waves, Geophysical Monograph 81. American Geophysical Union, pp. 75–86.

  • Russell, C. T., D. D. Childers, and J. P. J. Coleman: 1971, ‘OGO 5 observations of upstream waves in interplanetary medium: Discrete wave packets’. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 845–861.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, C. T. and M. M. Hoppe: 1983, ‘Upstream waves and particles /Tutorial Lecture/’. Space Sci. Rev. 34, 155–172.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarris, E. T., G. C. Anagnostopoulos, and S. M. Krimigis: 1987, ‘Simultaneous measurements of energetic ion (50keV and above) and electron (220 keV and above) activity upstream of Earth's bow shock and inside the plasma sheet – Magnetospheric source for the November 3 and December 3, 1977 upstream events’. J. Geophys. Res. 92(11), 12083–12096.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, K. and E. Dubinin: 2003, ‘Oscillitons and gyrating ions in a beam-plasma system’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 2192, doi:10.1029/2003GL018266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, K., E. Dubinin, and J. F. McKenzie: 2001, ‘New type of soliton in bi-ion plasmas and possible implications’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 3589–3592.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Scarf, F. L., R. W. Fredricks, L. A. Frank, and M. Neugebauer: 1971, ‘Nonthermal electrons and high-frequency waves in the upstream solar wind 1. Observations’. J.Geophys.Res. 76, 5162–5171.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholer, M., M. Fujimoto, and H. Kucharek: 1993, ‘Two-dimensional simulations of supercritical quasi-parallel shocks: upstream waves, downstream waves, and shock re-formation’. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 18971–18984.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.: 1998, ‘Shock and discontinuity normals, Mach numbers, and related parameters’. In: G. Paschmann and P. W. Daly (eds.): Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ISSI SR-001. ESA Publications Division, pp. 249–270.

  • Schwartz, S. J. and D. Burgess: 1991, ‘Quasi-Parallel Shocks: A Patchwork of Three-Dimensional Structures’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18(3), 373–376.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. J., C. P. Chaloner, P. J. Christiansen, D. S. Hall, A. D. Johnson, M. P. Gough, A. J. Norris, R. J. Rijnbeek, D. J. Southwood, and L. J. C. Woolliscroft: 1985, ‘An active current sheet in the solar wind’. Nature 318, 269–271.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. J., R. L. Kessel, C. C. Brown, L. J. C. Woolliscroft, M. W. Dunlop, C. J. Farrugia, and D. S. Hall: 1988, ‘Active current sheets near the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 11295–11310.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. J., N. Paschmann, N. Sckopke, T. M. Bauer, M. W. Dunlop, C. J. Farrugia, and D. S. Hall: 2000, ‘Conditions for the formation of hot flow anomalies at the Earths bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 12639–12650.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. J., M. F. Thomsen, and J. T. Gosling: 1983, ‘Ions upstream of the Earth's bow shock - A theoretical comparison of alternative source populations’. J. Geophys. Res. 88(17), 2039–2047.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sentman, D., J. P. Edmiston, and L. A. Frank: 1981, ‘Instabilities of low frequency, parallel propagating electromagnetic waves in the Earth's foreshock region’. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 7487–7497.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sentman, D. D., M. F. Thomsen, S. P. Gary, W. C. Feldman, and M. M. Hoppe: 1983, ‘The oblique whistler instability in the Earth's foreshock’. J. Geophys. Res. 88(3), 2048–2056.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibeck, D. G., T.-D. Phan, R. P. Lin, R. P. Lepping, and A. Szabo: 2002, ‘Wind observations of foreshock cavities: A case study’. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A10), 1271, doi:10.1029/2001JA007539.

  • Sigsbee, K., C. A. Kletzing, D. A. Gurnett, J. S. Pickett, A. Balogh, and E. Lucek: 2004a, ‘Statistical behavior of foreshock Langmuir waves observed by the Cluster Wideband Data Plasma Wave Receiver’. Ann. Geophys. 22, 2337–2344.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sigsbee, K., C. A. Kletzing, D. A. Gurnett, J. S. Pickett, A. Balogh, and E. Lucek: 2004b, ‘The dependence of Langmuir wave amplitudes on position in Earth's foreshock’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L07805, doi:10.1029/2004GL019413.

  • Song, P. and C. T. Russell: 1999, ‘Time series data analyses in space plasmas’. Space Sci. Rev. 87, 387–463.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnerup, B. U. Ö. and M. Scheible: 1998, ‘Minimum and Maximum Variance Analysis’. In: G. Paschmann and P. W. Daly (eds.): Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ISSI SR-001. ESA Publications Division, pp. 185–220.

  • Stone, R. G. and B. T. Tsurutani (eds.): 1985, Collisionless shocks in the heliosphere: A tutorial review, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. vol 34. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union.

  • Thomas, V. A., D. Winske, M. F. Thomsen, and T. G. Onsager: 1991, ‘Hybrid simulation of the formation of a hot flow anomaly’. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 11625–11632.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, M. F., J. T. Gosling, S. J. Bame, K. B. Quest, and C. T. Russell: 1988, ‘On the origin of hot diamagnetic cavities near the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 93(12), 11311–11325.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, M. F., J. T. Gosling, S. J. Bame, and C. T. Rusell: 1985, ‘Gyrating ions and large-amplitude monochromatic MHD waves upstream of the Earth's bow shock’. J. Geophys. Res. 90(9), 267–273.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, M. F., J. T. Gosling, S. A. Fuselier, S. J. Bame, and C. T. Russell: 1986, ‘Hot, diamagnetic cavities upstream from the Earths bow shock ’. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2961–2973.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Treumann, R. A. and M. Scholer: 2001, ‘The magnetosphere as a plasma laboratory’. In: The Century of Space Science. Kluwer Academic, p. 1495.

  • Tsurutani, B. T. and R. G. Stone (eds.): 1985, Collisionless shocks in the heliosphere: Reviews of current research, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. vol 35. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union.

  • Watanabe, Y. and T. Terasawa: 1984, ‘On the excitation mechanism of the low-frequency upstream waves’. J. Geophys. Res. 89(8), 6623–6630.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, H. K. and M. L. Goldstein: 1987, ‘Proton beam generation of whistler waves in the Earth's foreshock’. J. Geophys. Res. 92(11), 12419–12424.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Eastwood, J.P., Lucek, E.A., Mazelle, C. et al. The Foreshock. Space Sci Rev 118, 41–94 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-3824-3

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-3824-3

Navigation