Abstract
A new normalized sunspot-area series has been reconstructed from the series obtained by the Royal Greenwich Observatory and other contemporary institutions for the period 1874 – 2008 and the area series compiled by De la Rue, Stewart, and Loewy from 1832 to 1868. Since the two sets of series do not overlap in time, we used the new version of sunspot index number (Version 2) published by Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations (SILSO) as a link between them. We also present a spectral analysis of the normalized-area series in search of periodicities beyond the well-known solar cycle of 11 years and a study of the Waldmeier effect in the new version of sunspot number and the sunspot-area series presented in this study. We conclude that while this effect is significant in the new series of sunspot number, it has a weak relationship with the sunspot-area series.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aparicio, A.J.P., Vaquero, J.M., Carrasco, V.M.S., Gallego, M.C.: 2014, Solar Phys. 289, 4335. DOI .
Arlt, R., Leussu, R., Giese, N., Mursula, K., Usoskin, I.G.: 2013, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 433, 3165. DOI .
Bai, T., Cliver, E.W.: 1990, Astrophys. J. 363, 299. DOI .
Ballester, J.L., Oliver, R., Baudin, F.: 1999, Astrophys. J. 522, L153. DOI .
Balmaceda, L.A., Solanki, S.K., Krivova, N.A., Foster, S.: 2009, J. Geophys. Res. 114, A07104. DOI .
Carbonell, M., Ballester, J.L.: 1992, Astron. Astrophys. 255, 350.
Carrasco, V.M.S., Vaquero, J.M., Aparicio, A.J.P., Gallego, M.C.: 2014, Solar Phys. 289, 4351. DOI .
Casas, R., Vaquero, J.M.: 2014, Solar Phys. 289, 79. DOI .
Clark, D.H., Stephenson, F.R.: 1978, Q. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 19, 387.
Clette, F., Svalgaard, L., Vaquero, J.M., Cliver, E.W.: 2014, Space Sci. Rev. 186, 35. DOI .
Clette, F., Cliver, E.W., Lefèvre, L., Svalgaard, L., Vaquero, J.M.: 2015, Space Weather 13, 529. DOI .
de la Rue, W., Stewart, B., Loewy, B.: 1870, Phil. Trans. 160, 389.
Dikpati, M., Gilman, P.A., de Toma, G.: 2008, Astrophys. J. Lett. 673, L99. DOI .
Erwin, E.H., Coffey, H.E., Denig, W.F., Willis, D.M., Henwood, R., Wild, M.N.: 2013, Solar Phys. 288, 157. DOI .
Hathaway, D.H.: 2015, Living Rev. Solar Phys. 12, 4. DOI .
Hoyt, D.V., Schatten, K.H.: 1998, Solar Phys. 179, 189. DOI .
Kane, R.P.: 2008, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 70, 1533. DOI .
Karak, B.B., Choudhuri, A.R.: 2011, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 410, 1503. DOI .
Kilcik, A., Ozguc, A., Yurchyshyn, V., Rozelot, J.P.: 2014, Solar Phys. 289, 4365. DOI .
Krivova, N.A., Balmaceda, L., Solanki, S.K.: 2007, Astron. Astrophys. 467, 335. DOI .
Lean, J.L., Brueckner, G.E.: 1989, Astrophys. J. 337, 568. DOI .
Lefèvre, L., Clette, F.: 2014, Solar Phys. 289, 545. DOI .
Li, K.: 1999, Astron. Astrophys. 345, 1006.
Meeus, J.: 1958, Ciel Terre 74, 445.
Pettauer, T., Brandt, P.N.: 1997, Solar Phys. 175, 197. DOI .
Rieger, E., Kanbach, G., Reppin, C., Share, G.H., Forrest, D.J., Chupp, E.L.: 1984, Nature 312, 623. DOI .
Svalgaard, L., Schatten, K.H.: 2016, Solar Phys. DOI .
Torrence, C., Compo, G.P.: 1998, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 61. DOI .
Usoskin, I.G.: 2013, Living Rev. Solar Phys. 10, 1. DOI .
Usoskin, I.G., Kovaltsov, G.A., Lockwood, M., Mursula, K., Owens, M., Solanki, S.K.: 2016, Solar Phys. DOI .
Vaquero, J.M.: 2007, Adv. Space Res. 40, 929. DOI .
Vaquero, J.M., Vázquez, M.: 2009, The Sun Recorded Through History, Springer, Berlin, 361. DOI .
Vaquero, J.M., Gallego, M.C., García, J.A.: 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1997. DOI .
Vaquero, J.M., Gallego, M.C., Sánchez-Bajo, F.: 2004, Solar Phys. 221, 179. DOI .
Vaquero, J.M., Sánchez-Bajo, F., Gallego, M.C.: 2002, Solar Phys. 209, 311. DOI .
Vaquero, J.M., Trigo, R.M., Vázquez, M., Gallego, M.C.: 2010, New Astron. 15, 385. DOI .
Waldmeier, M.: 1955, Ergebnisse und probleme der sonnenforschung 2, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Geest & Portig, Leipzig.
Willis, D.M., Coffey, H.E., Henwood, R., Erwin, E.H., Hoyt, D.V., Wild, M.N., Denig, W.F.: 2013a, Solar Phys. 288, 117. DOI .
Willis, D.M., Henwood, R., Wild, M.N., Coffey, H.E., Denig, W.F., Erwin, E.H., Hoyt, D.V.: 2013b, Solar Phys. 288, 141. DOI .
Wilson, R.M., Hathaway, D.H., Reichmann, E.J.: 1998, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 6596. DOI .
Acknowledgements
Support from the Junta de Extremadura (Research Group Grants GR15137 and GR15146) and from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of the Spanish Government (AYA2014-57556-P) is gratefully acknowledged. We wish to thank the referee for the useful comments that helped to improve this article. Furthermore, we are grateful to the guest editors of this topical issue on Sunspot Number Recalibration (L. Svalgaard and F. Clette) for their useful suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Sunspot Number Recalibration
Guest Editors: F. Clette, E.W. Cliver, L. Lefèvre, J.M. Vaquero, and L. Svalgaard
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carrasco, V.M.S., Vaquero, J.M., Gallego, M.C. et al. A Normalized Sunspot-Area Series Starting in 1832: An Update. Sol Phys 291, 2931–2940 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0943-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0943-9