Skip to main content
Log in

Simultaneous Observation of Solar Neutrons from the International Space Station and High Mountain Observatories in Association with a Flare on July 8, 2014

  • Published:
Solar Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An M6.5-class flare was observed at N12E56 on the solar surface at 16:06 UT on July 8, 2014. In association with the flare, two neutron detectors located at high mountains, Mt. Sierra Negra in Mexico and Mt. Chacaltaya in Bolivia, recorded two neutron pulses, separated approximately by 30 min. Moreover, enhancements were also observed by the solar neutron detector onboard the International Space Station. We analyzed these data combined with solar images from Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory. From these we noticed that the production mechanism of neutrons cannot be explained by a single model; at least one of the enhancements may be explained by an electric field generated by the collision of magnetic loops and the other by the shock acceleration mechanism at the front side of the CME.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackermann, M., et al. (FERMI-LAT team): 2014, Astrophys. J. 787, 15. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajello, M., et al. (FERMI-LAT team): 2014, Astrophys. J. 789, 20. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bütikoffer, R., Flückiger, E.O., Muraki, Y., Matsubara, Y., Sako, T., Tsuchiya, H., Sakai, T.: 2001, In: Proceed. 27th ICRC, Hamburg 8, 8053.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, X., Zhang, J., Ding, M.D., Liu, Y., Poomvises, W.: 2013, Astrophys. J. 763, 43. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chupp, E.L., Debrunner, H., Flückiger, E., Golliez, D.J., Kanbach, G., Vesrtrand, W.T., Cooper, J., Share, G.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 318, 913. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Clem, J.M., Dorman, L.I.: 2000, Space Sci. Rev. 93, 335. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cocconi, G., Gold, T., Greisen, K., Hayakawa, S., Morrison, P.: 1958, Suppl. Nuovo Cim., Ser. X 8, 161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debrunner, H., Flückiger, E.O., Chupp, E.L., Forrest, D.J.: 1983, In: Proceed 18th ICRC, Bangalore 4, 75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorman, L.I.: 2010, Solar Neutrons and Related Phenomena, Springer, Berlin, 1. ISBN 978-90-481-3736-7. DOI .

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Dorman, L.I., Valdés-Galicia, J., Dorman, I.V.: 1999, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 22417. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Efimov, Yu.E., Kocharov, G.E., Kudela, K.: 1983, In: Proceed. 19th ICRC, Bangalore 10, 276.

    Google Scholar 

  • González, L.X., Sánchez, F., Valdés-Galicia, J.F.: 2010, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 613, 263. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • González, L.X., Valds-Galicia, J.F., Snchez, F., Muraki, Y., Sako, T., Watanabe, K., Matsubara, Y., Nagai, Y., Shibata, S., Sakai, T., Musalem, O., Hurtado, A.: 2015, Astrophys. J. 814, 136. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, B., McClements, K.G., Fletcher, L., Thyagaraja, A.: 2003, Solar Phys. 214, 339. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanaoka, Y.: 1997, Solar Phys. 173, 319. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatton, C.J.: 1971, In: Progress in Elementary Particles and Cosmic Ray Physics 10, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imada, S., Hirai, M., Hoshino, H.: 2015, Energetic ion acceleration during magnetic reconnection in the Earth’s magnetotail. Earth Planets Space 67, 203. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Imaida, I., Muraki, Y., Matsubara, Y., Masuda, K., Tsuchiya, H., Hoshida, T., Sako, T., Koi, T., Ramanamurthy, P.V., Goka, T., Matsumoto, H., Omoto, T., Takase, A., Taguchi, K., Tanaka, I., Nakazawa, M., Fujii, M., Kohno, T., Ikeda, H.: 1999, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 421, 99. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Koga, R., Frye, G.M., Owens, A., Denehy, B.V., Mace, O., Thomas, J.: 1985, In: Proceed. 19th ICRC, La Jolla 4, 142. (SH 1.4-6.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koga, K., Goka, T., Matsumoto, H., Obara, T., Muraki, Y., Yamamoto, T.: 2011a, Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans. 7, 411. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Koga, K., Goka, T., Matsumoto, H., Obara, T., Muraki, Y., Yamamoto, T.: 2011b, In: Proceed. 32nd ICRC, Beijing 10, 169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemen, J.R., Title, A.M., Akin, D.J., Boerner, P.F., Chou, C., Drake, J.F., Duncan, D.W.: 2012, Solar Phys. 275, 17. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, D., Matsubara, Y., Muraki, Y., Sako, T.: 2015, In: Proceed. 34th ICRC (Hague); Proceeding of Science, paper number 115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, D., Matsubara, Y., Muraki, Y., Sako, T., Valdés-Galicia, J.F.: 2016, Astropart. Phys. 76, 19. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandzhavidze, N., Ramaty, R.: 1992, Astrophys. J. 396, L111. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinic, N.J., Reguerfn, A., Palenque, E., Taquichiri, M.A., Wada, N., Inoue, A., Takahashi, K.: 1985, In: Proceed. 19th ICRC, La Jolla 4, 138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara, Y., Tajima, N., Kakimoto, F., Kaneko, T., Ogio, S., Osco, F., Martnic, N., Murakami, K., Muraki, Y., Takahashi, T., Yoshii, H.: 1993, In: Proceed. 23rd ICRC, Calgary 3, 139.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, K.G., Moraal, H., Shea, M.A.: 2012, Astrophys. J. 76, 101. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Muraki, Y.: 2007, In: Caballero, R., D-Olivo, J.C., Medina-Tanco, G., Valdés-Galicia, J.F. (eds.) Proceed. 30th ICRC, Merida 6, 181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraki, Y., Shibata, S.: 1995, In: AIP Conference Proceedings 375, 256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraki, Y., Murakami, K., Shibata, S., Yamada, T., Miyazaki, M., Takahashi, T., Mitsui, K., Sakai, T., Yamaguchi, K.: 1991, In: Proceed. 22nd ICRC, Dublin 3, 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraki, Y., Koga, K., Goka, T., Matsumoto, H., Obara, T., Yamamoto, T.: 2012, Adv. Astron. 2012, 379304. DOI .

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muraki, Y., Valdés-Galicia, J.F., González, L.X., Koga, K., Matsumoto, H., Masuda, S., Matsubara, Y., Nagai, Y., Sakai, T., Sako, T., Shibata, S., Watanabe, K.: 2013 In: Proceed. 33rd ICRC, Rio de Janeiro, paper \(\sharp65\).

    Google Scholar 

  • Naito, T., Takahara, F.: 1995a, Prog. Theor. Phys. 93, 287. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Naito, T., Takahara, F.: 1995b, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 275, 1077. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishizumi, N., Shibata, K.: 2013, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 051101. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelaez, P., Mandrou, P., Niel, M., Mena, B., Vilmer, N., Trottet, G., Lebrun, N., Paul, J., Terekhov, O., Sunyaev, R., Churazov, E., Gilfanov, M., Denisov, D., Kuznetsov, A., Dyachkov, A., Khavenson, N.: 1992, Solar Phys. 140, 121. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaty, R., Mandzhavidze, N.: 1992, In: Ryan, J.M., Vestrand, W.T. (eds.) AIP Conference Proceedings 294 (High Energy Solar Phenomena – A New Era of Space Draft Measurements) 294, 26 ISBN 1-56396-291-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, J.: 1990, Astrophys. J. 36, 354. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, J., de Jager, C.: 1996, Space Sci. Rev. 77, 1. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sako, T., Watanabe, K., Muraki, Y., Matsubara, Y., Tsujihara, H., Yamashita, M., Sakai, T., Shibata, S., Valdés-Galicia, J.F., González, L.X., Hurtado, A., Musalem, O., Miranda, P., Martinic, N., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Kakimoto, F., Ogio, S., Tsunesada, Y., Tokuno, H., Tanaka, Y.T., Yoshikawa, I., Terasawa, T., Saito, Y., Mukai, T., Gros, M.: 2006, Astrophys. J. 651, L69. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, M.A., Smart, D.F., Pyle, K.R.: 1991, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1655.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, S.: 1994, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 6651. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, J.A.: 2000, Space Sci. Rev. 93, 11. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stocker, P.H., Dorman, L.I., Clem, J.M.: 2000, Space Sci. Rev. 93, 361. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchiya, H., Hoshida, T., Muraki, Y., Matsubara, Y., Masuda, K., Yuda, T., Ohnishi, S., Sasaki, T., Shiomi, A., Katayose, Y., Hotta, N., Ozawa, S., Tan, Y.H.: 2001a, In: Proceed. 27th ICRC, Hamburg 8, 3056.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchiya, H., Matsubara, Y., Muraki, Y., Murakami, K., Sako, T., Kakimoto, F., Ogio, S., Tsunesada, Y., Tokuno, H., Yoshii, H., Tajima, N., Martinic, N., Miranda, P., Ticona, R., Velarde, A.: 2001b, In: Proceed. 27th ICRC, Hamburg 8, 3040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchiya, H., Muraki, Y., Masuda, K., Matsubara, Y., Koi, T., Sako, T., Ohno, S., Hoshida, T., Shibata, S., Munakata, Y., Hatanaka, K., Wakasa, T., Sakai, H.: 2001c, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 463, 183. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta, S., Naito, T.: 1998, Astrophys. J. 495, L67. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdés-Galicia, J.F., Hurtado, A., Musalem, O., González, L.X., Muraki, Y., Matsubara, Y., Sako, T., Watanabe, K., Hirano, N., Tateiwa, N., Tsujiara, H., Shibata, S., Sakai, T.: 2004, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 535, 656. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdés-Galicia, J.F., Muraki, Y., Watanabe, K., Matsubara, Y., Sako, T., González, L.X., Musalem, O., Hurtado, A.: 2009, Adv. Space Res. 43, 565. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, K.: 2005, In: Muraki, Y. (ed.) Proceed. of the Cosmic Ray Research Section of Nagoya University 46(2), 1. (Ph.D. thesis to Nagoya University in English.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, K., Sako, T., Muraki, Y., Matsubara, Y., Sakai, T., Shibata, S., Valdés-Galicia, J.F., González, L.X., Hurtado, A., Musalem, O., Miranda, P., Martinic, M., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Kakimoto, F., Ogio, S., Tsunesada, Y., Tokuno, H., Tanaka, Y.T., Yoshikawa, I., Terasawa, T., Saito, Y., Mukai, T., Gros, M.: 2007, Adv. Space Res. 39, 1462. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, K., Lin, R.P., Krucker, S., Murphy, R.J., Share, G.H., Harris, M.J., Gros, M., Muraki, Y., Sako, T., Matsubara, Y., Sakai, T., Shibata, S., Valdés-Galicia, J.F., González, L.X., Hurtado, A., Musalem, O., Miranda, P., Martinic, M., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Kakimoto, F., Tsunesada, Y., Tokuno, H., Ogio, S.: 2009, Adv. Space Res. 44, 789. DOI .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge each institute who supported observations for a long period. The members of JAXA acknowledge the members of Tsukuba operation center of Kibo operation center for taking the SEDA-NEM-FIB data every day. The members of Nagoya University and Tokyo Institute for Technology would like to express sincere thanks to UMSA, Bolivia, for keeping the neutron detectors at Mt. Chacaltaya observatory well, even under very severe environmental conditions. The members of UNAM, Nagoya University and Chubu University also acknowledge the people of INAOE and LMT group, Mexico, who kindly allowed us to use the electric power supply line and the internet connection. The UNAM members, JFVG and LXG, thank the partial support of grants IN104115 PAPIIT-UNAM and CONACyT 180727. The SDO/AIA data used in this article are courtesy of the NASA/SDO and the AIA science team. The CME catalog is generated and maintained at the CDAW Data Center by NASA and the Catholic University of America in cooperation with Naval Research. All authors thank the Solar Dynamics Observatory group of NASA who provided us very valuable data. We also thank to Dr. Jyunichi Sakai of Toyama University and Dr. Masahiro Hoshino of Tokyo University for valuable discussions on the event. The authors would like to acknowledge an anonymous referee who has provided us very valuable comments to improve the physics of the paper. Thanks are also due to the editor who have given us many useful comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Y. Muraki.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Muraki, Y., Lopez, D., Koga, K. et al. Simultaneous Observation of Solar Neutrons from the International Space Station and High Mountain Observatories in Association with a Flare on July 8, 2014. Sol Phys 291, 1241–1265 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0887-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0887-0

Keywords

Navigation