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Active Region Emergence and Remote Flares

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Abstract

We study the effect of new emerging solar active regions on the large-scale magnetic environment of existing regions. We first present a theoretical approach to quantify the “interaction energy” between new and pre-existing regions as the difference between i) the summed magnetic energies of their individual potential fields and ii) the energy of their superposed potential fields. We expect that this interaction energy can, depending upon the relative arrangements of newly emerged and pre-existing magnetic flux, indicate the existence of “topological” free magnetic energy in the global coronal field that is independent of any “internal” free magnetic energy due to coronal electric currents flowing within the newly emerged and pre-existing flux systems. We then examine the interaction energy in two well-studied cases of flux emergence, but find that the predicted energetic perturbation is relatively small compared to energies released in large solar flares. Next, we present an observational study of the influence of the emergence of new active regions on flare statistics in pre-existing active regions, using NOAA’s Solar Region Summary and GOES flare databases. As part of an effort to precisely determine the emergence time of active regions in a large event sample, we find that emergence in about half of these regions exhibits a two-stage behavior, with an initial gradual phase followed by a more rapid phase. Regarding flaring, we find that the emergence of new regions is associated with a significant increase in the occurrence rate of X- and M-class flares in pre-existing regions. This effect tends to be more significant when pre-existing and new emerging active regions are closer. Given the relative weakness of the interaction energy, this effect suggests that perturbations in the large-scale magnetic field, such as topology changes invoked in the “breakout” model of coronal mass ejections, might play a significant role in the occurrence of some flares.

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Notes

  1. At http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/pfss_links/ or via the PFSS_VIEWER interface in SSWIDL if this URL is no longer valid.

  2. These reports are online; see ftp://ftp.swpc.noaa.gov/pub/warehouse/README .

  3. ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/space-weather/solar-data/solar-features/solar-flares/x-rays/goes/ .

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Acknowledgements

We thank the referee for providing a detailed review of our manuscript, and for valuable suggestions to improve it, including the suggestion of super-active-region connections within the solar interior. We thank the American taxpayers for supporting this work. We are also grateful to Hugh Hudson, Mike Wheatland, and Silvia Dalla for reading a draft of this paper, and offering suggestions that improved it. We acknowledge funding from the NSF’s National Space Weather Program under award AGS-1024862, the NASA Heliophysics Theory Program (grant NNX11AJ65G), and the Coronal Global Evolutionary Model (CGEM) award NSF AGS 1321474.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA

    Yixing Fu

  2. Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1056, USA

    Yixing Fu

  3. Deptartment of Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, 54311, USA

    Brian T. Welsch

  4. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7450, USA

    Brian T. Welsch

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Fu, Y., Welsch, B.T. Active Region Emergence and Remote Flares. Sol Phys 291, 383–410 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0851-z

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