Skip to main content
Log in

Sexual Content on Mainstream TV Advertising: A Cross-cultural Comparison

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A content analysis of 1,785 American ads and 1,467 Israeli ads maps the representation of sexual content on mainstream TV advertising in the two countries. This content appears in less than 5% of the advertisements. Most of it is mild and portrayed in the conservative context of an established relationship. Explicit material, socially discouraged practices, references to sexual responsibility and complete nudity are extremely rare. Israeli advertisements tend to present a higher share of sexual content than American ads, and male models are more likely to be partially nude than female models—but these differences are minor in extent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander, W. M., & Judd, B. (1978). Do nudes in ads enhance brand recall? Journal of Advertising Research, 18, 47–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almog, O. (2004). Preida misrulik: Shinui arachim bachevra hayisraelit (Hebrew: Farewell Srulik: Value changes in Israeli society). Haifa: University of Haifa Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avraham, E., & First, A. (2003). “I buy American”: The American image as reflected in Israeli advertising. Journal of Communication, 53, 282–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Lev, S. (2003). Seker emdot hatsibur benose pirsomot Televizia (Hebrew: A survey about public views concerning television advertising). Retrieved November 6, 2006, from http://www.rashut2.org.il/editor/UpLoadSeker/Icdp005.doc

  • Bloch, L. R., & Lemish, D. (2003). The megaphone effect: The international diffusion of cultural media via the USA. Communication Yearbook, 27, 159–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boddewyn, J. J. (1991). Controlling sex and decency in advertising around the world. Journal of Advertising, 20(4), 25–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretl, D., & Cantor, J. (1988). The portrayal of men and women in U.S. television commercials: A recent content analysis and trends over 15 years. Sex Roles, 18, 595–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication and Society, 4, 245–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolliver, M. (1999). Is there too much sexual imagery in advertising? Adweek, 21, 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrar, K. M., Kunkel, D., Biely, E., Eyal, K., Fandrich, R., & Donnerstein, E. (2003). Sexual messages during prime-time programming. Sexuality and Culture, 7(3), 7–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, W. A., Cook, I. J., & Shirkey, E. C. (1994). Correlates of support for censorship of sexual, sexually violent, and violent media. Journal of Sex Research, 31, 229–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, D. A., Hill, D. L., Grube, J. W., & Gruber, E. L. (2004). Sex on American television: An analysis across program genres and network types. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48, 529–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frith, K. T., Cheng, H., & Shaw, P. (2004). Race and beauty: A comparison of Asian and Western models in women magazines advertisements. Sex Roles, 50, 53–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frith, K. T., & Mueller, B. (2003). Advertising and societies. NY: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganahl, D. J., Prinsen, T. J., & Baker-Netzley, S. (2003). A content analysis of prime-time commercials: A contextual framework of gender representation. Sex Roles, 49, 545–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1979). Gender advertisements. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, B. S. (1988). Some uncommon television images and the drench hypothesis. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Television as a social issue (pp. 88–102). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunter, B. (2002). Media sex: What are the issues? Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetsroni, A. (2001). What do you really need to know to be a millionaire—The question of knowledge in quiz shows from America and Israel. Communication Research Reports, 18, 418–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetsroni, A. (2007a). Israeli advertising: From oriental dilettantism to professional westernism. In E. C. Alozie (Ed.), Advertising and emerging economies: A contextual exploration. Spokane, WA: Marquette.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetsroni, A. (2007b). Three decades of sexual content on prime-time network programming: A longitudinal meta-analytic review, Journal of Communication, 57, 318–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (2001), Culture’s consequences; Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassaarjian, H. H. (1977). Content analysis in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 4, 8–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, K. L. (1994). Advertising. In E. K. Thomas & B. H. Carpenter (Eds.), Handbook on mass media in the United States (pp. 3–18). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunkel, D. (1999, May 18). Testimony of Professor Dale Kunkel before the United States Senate committee on commerce, science, and transportation: Hearing on television violence. Retrieved May 3, 2006, from http://www.apa.org/ppo/issues/pkunkel.html

  • Lambe, J. L. (2004). Who wants to censor pornography and hate speech? Mass Communication & Society, 7, 279–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaTour, M. S., Pitts, R. E., & Snook-Luther, D. C. (1991). Female nudity, arousal, and ad response: An experimental investigation. Journal of Advertising, 19(4), 51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. A. (1997). Beefcake versus cheesecake in the 1990s: Sexist portrayals of both genders in television commercials. Howard Journal of Communication, 8, 237–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. A. (1998). Uses of sex appeals in prime-time television commercials. Sex Roles, 38, 461–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, B., Sandage, D., & Weatherby, G. A. (2000). Violence, morality and television commercials. Sociological Spectrum, 20, 121–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittal, B. (1994). Public assessment of TV advertising: Faint praise and harsh criticism. Journal of Advertising Research, 34, 35–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, M. R., & Paek, H. J. (2005). Cross-cultural differences in sexual advertising content in a transnational women’s magazine. Sex Roles, 53(5/6), 371–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obama, B. (2005). Remarks of Senator Barack Obama to Kaiser Family Foundation upon release of Sex on TV4. Retrieved May 6, 2006, from http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/entmedia110905oth2.pdf

  • Ogburn, W. F. (1964). The hypothesis of cultural lag. In A. Etzioni & E. Etzioni (Eds.), Social change: Sources, patterns and consequences, (pp. 459–462). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pardun, C. J., & Forde, K. R. (2006). Sexual content of television commercials watched by early adolescents. In T. Reichert & J. Lambiase (Eds.), Sex in consumer culture: The erotic content of media and marketing appeal (pp. 125–139). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piron, F., & Young, M. (1996). Consumer advertising in Germany and the United States: A study of sexual explicitness and cross-gender contact. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 8, 211–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichert, T. (2003a). What is sex in advertising? Perspectives from consumer behavior and social science research. In T. Reichert & J. Lambiase (Eds.), Sex in advertising: Perspectives on the erotic appeal (pp. 11–38). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichert, T. (2003b). The prevalence of sexual imagery in ads targeted to young adults. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 37, 403–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichert, T., Lambiase, J. L., Morgan, S., Carstarphen, M., & Zavoina, S (1999). Cheesecake and beefcake: No matter how you slice it, sexual explicitness in advertising continues to increase. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 76, 7–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichert, T., & Ramirez, A. (2000). Defining sexuality oriented appeals in advertising: A grounded theory investigation. Advances in Consumer Research, 27, 267–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky, B. S., & Kaye, B. K. (1997). Sex and indecent language on prime time television. In A. Wells, & E. Hakanen (Eds.), Mass media and Society (pp. 453–470). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, M. J., Brown, J. D., Wilson, K. M., & Klein, J. D. (2002). Shaking the tree of knowledge for forbidden fruit: Where adolescents learn about sexuality and contraception. In J. D. Brown, J. R. Steele, & K. Walsh-Childers (Eds.), Sexual teens, sexual media: Investigating media’s influence on adolescent sexuality (pp. 25–55). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, M. L., Gorvine, B., & Cytron-Walker, A. (2002). Would that really happen? Adolescents’ perceptions of sexual relationships according to prime-time television. In J. D. Brown, J. R. Steele, & K. Walsh-Shilders (Eds.), Sexual teens, sexual media: Investigating media’s influence on adolescent sexuality (pp. 95–124). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weimann, G. (2000). Hevdelei migdar Bepirsomot Televizya be-Israel (Hebrew: Gender differences in Israeli television commercials), Megamot, 40, 466–485.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amir Hetsroni.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hetsroni, A. Sexual Content on Mainstream TV Advertising: A Cross-cultural Comparison. Sex Roles 57, 201–210 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9247-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9247-8

Keywords

Navigation