Abstract
This study attempts to reveal how macroeconomic and technology policies that encompass the opportunity and individual drivers of entrepreneurship explain the dynamics of new firm formation in a country. To do so we rely on the Schumpeterian, industrial organization, and labor economics traditions of entrepreneurship, and performed an exploratory test with longitudinal U.S. data from 1968 to 1993. The results of this study suggest that R&D investments, patents, economic concentration, pro-competition policy, and labor mobility are important areas in which government policy can influence the intensity of new firm formation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. E. Aldrich E. R. Auster (1986) ArticleTitle‘Even Dwarfs Started Small: Liabilities of Age and Their Strategic Implications’ Research in Organizational Behavior 8 165–198
D. B. Audretsch Z. J. Acs (1994) ArticleTitle‘New-firm Startups, Technology, and Macroeconomic Fluctuations’ Small Business Economics 6 439–449 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01064858
D. B. Audretsch (1995) Innovation and Industry Evolution MIT Press Cambridge, MA
J. S. Bain (1956) Barriers to New Competition Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
W. Barnett G. Carroll (1993) ArticleTitle‘How Institutional Constraints Affected the Organization of Early US Telephony’ Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 9 98–126
J. B. Barney (1991) ArticleTitle‘Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage’ Journal of Management 17 99–120 Occurrence Handle10.1177/014920639101700108
G. Becker (1984) Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education National Bureau of Economic Research and Columbia University Press New York, NY
G. Bittlingmayer (1996) ArticleTitle‘Antitrust and Business Activity: The First Quarter Century’ Business History Review 70 363–401 Occurrence Handle10.2307/3117242
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Online Document at http://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpsatab1.htm.
B. Casey E. Keep K. Mayhew (1999) ArticleTitle‘Flexibility, Quality and Competitiveness’ National Institute Economic Review 168 70–81
M. Casson (1995) Entrepreneurship and Business Culture Edward Elgar Aldershot
Center for the Study of American Business, 1998, 1999 Annual Regulatory Budget Report, St. Louis, MO: Washington University.
A. D. Chandler (1990) Scale and Scope Belknap Harvard Cambridge, MA
T. J. Dean R. L. Brown C. E. Bamford (1998) ArticleTitle‘‘Difference in Large and Small Firm Responses to Environmental Context: Strategic Implications from a Comparative Analysis of Business Formations’’ Strategic Management Journal 19 709–728 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199808)19:8<709::AID-SMJ966>3.0.CO;2-9
J. Delacroix G. R. Carroll (1983) ArticleTitle‘Organizational Foundings: An Ecological Study of the Newspaper Industries of Argentina and Ireland’ Administrative Science Quarterly 28 274–291 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2392621
F. R. Dobbin T. Dowd (1997) ArticleTitle‘How Policy Shapes Competition: Early Railroad Foundings in Massachusetts’ Administrative Science Quarterly 42 501–529 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2393736
D. S. Evans L. S. Leighton (1989) ArticleTitle‘Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship’ American Economic Review 79 519–535
Federal Reserve Board of Governors, 2004. Statistics: Releases and Historical Data, Online Document at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm.
N. Fligstein (1996) ArticleTitle‘Markets as Politics: A Political-Cultural Approach to Market Institutions’ American Sociological Review 61 656–673 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2096398
Fortune, Annual (1960~1993), Fortune Industrial 500. New York: Time, Inc.
W. B. Gartner (1988) ArticleTitle‘Who Is an Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question’ American Journal of Small Business 12 IssueID4 11–32
B. A. Gilbert D. B. Audretsch P. P. McDougall (2004) ArticleTitle‘The Emergence of Entrepreneurial Policy’ Small Business Economics 22 313–323 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000022235.10739.a8
W. P. Glade (1967) Approaches to a Theory of Entrepreneurial Formation R. L. Andreano (Eds) Explorations in Entrepreneurial History NumberInSeriesVol. 4(3) University of Wisconsin Press Madison, WI 245–259
A.M. Golodner (2001) ArticleTitle‘Antitrust, Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Small Business’ Small Business Economics 16 31–35 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1011180725079
M. T. Hannan G. R. Carroll (1992) Dynamics of Organizational Populations: Density, Legitimation, and Competition Oxford University Press New York
R. Highfield R. Smiley (1987) ArticleTitle‘New Business Starts and Economic Activity: An Empirical Investigation International’ Journal of Industrial Organizations 5 51–66 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0167-7187(87)90006-3
C. Hogan (2001) ArticleTitle‘Enforcement of Implicit Employment Contracts through Unionization’ Journal of Labor Economics 19 171–195 Occurrence Handle10.1086/209983
P. Kennedy (2003) A Guide to Econometrics MIT Press Cambridge, MA
T. Khanna J. W. Rivkin (2001) ArticleTitle‘Estimating the Performance Effects of Business Groups in Emerging Markets’ Strategic Management Journal 22 45–74 Occurrence Handle10.1002/1097-0266(200101)22:1<45::AID-SMJ147>3.0.CO;2-F
I. M. Kirzner (1997) ArticleTitle‘Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach’ Journal of Economic Literature 35 60–85
Markman G. D., Phan P. H., D. B. Balkin, P. T. Gianiodis, 2003, ‘Entrepreneurial Emergence and University Based Technology Transfer’, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Working Paper. Troy, NY.
D. C. McClelland (1961) The Achieving Society Free Press New York
R. G. McGrath I. C. MacMillan S. Scheinberg (1992) ArticleTitle‘Elitists, Risk-Takers, and Rugged Individualists? An Exploratory Analysis of Cultural Differences between Entrepreneurs and Non-Entrepreneurs’ Journal of Business Venturing 7 115–135 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0883-9026(92)90008-F
InstitutionalAuthorNameNational Science Foundation (2000) Science and Engineering Indicators 2000 National Science Foundation Washington, DC
R. R. Nelson (1995) ArticleTitle‘Why Should Managers Be Thinking about Technology Policy?’ Strategic Management Journal 16 581–588
C. Ostrom (1978) Time Series Analysis: Regression Techniques Sage Beverly Hills
P. D. Reynolds (1994) ArticleTitle‘Autonomous Firm Dynamics and Economic Growth in the United States, 1986–1990’ Regional Studies 28 429–442
P. D. Reynolds D. J. Storey P. Westhead (1994) ArticleTitle‘Cross-national Comparisons of the Variation in New Firm Formation Rates’ Regional Studies 28 443–456
Reynolds, P. D., Hay M., Bygrave W. D., S. M. Camp, Autio E., 2000, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Executive Report, Kansas City, KS.: Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership.
P. D. Reynolds W. D. Bygrave E. Autio (2004) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Executive Report Babson College Babson Park, MA
J. Ritsilä H. Tervo (2002) ArticleTitle‘Effects of Unemployment on New Firm Formation: Micro-Level Panel Data Evidence from Finland’ Small Business Economics 19 31–40 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1015734424259
M. T. Robson (2003) ArticleTitle‘Does Stricter Employment Protection Legislation Promote Self-Employment?’ Small Business Economics 21 309–319 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1025742423308
A. Sakamoto D. A. Powers (1995) ArticleTitle‘Education and the Dual Labor Market for Japanese Men’ American Sociological Review 60 222–246 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2096385
J. A. Schumpeter (1934) The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Interest, and the Business Cycle Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
S. Shane S. Venkataraman (2000) ArticleTitle‘The promise of Entrepreneuship as a Field of Research’ Academy of Management Review. 25 217–226 Occurrence Handle10.2307/259271
S. Shane (1996) ArticleTitle‘Explaining Variations in Rates of Entrepreneurship in the United States: 1899–1988’ Journal of Management 22 747–781
A. Shapero M. Sokol (1982) The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship C. Kent D.A. Sexton K. Vesper (Eds) Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ
A. Sousa-Poza F. Henneberger (2004) ArticleTitle‘Analyzing Job Mobility with Job Turnover Intentions: An International Comparative Study’ Journal of Economic Issues 38 113–137
D. J. Teece (1986) ArticleTitle‘Profiting from Technological Innovation: Implications for Integration, Collaboration, Licensing and Public Policy’ Research Policy 15 285–306 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0048-7333(86)90027-2
P. H. Thornton (1999) ArticleTitle‘The Sociology of Entrepreneurship’ Annual Review of Sociology 25 19–46 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.19
U. S. Labor Research Association, 2003, U.S. Union Membership, 1948–2001, Online Document at http://www.laborresearch.org/charts.php?id=29.
U.S. Census Bureau, Annual, Statistical Abstracts of the U.S., Washington, DC.: US Government Printing Office.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 1977, Technology Assessment and Forecast Seventh Report, Washington, DC.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 1999, All Technologies Report: January 1963-December 1998, Washington, DC.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 2000, U.S. Patent Statistics Report, Washington, DC.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
S. Venkataraman (1997) The Distinctive Domain of Entrepreneurship Research J. Katz R. Brockhaus (Eds) Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth JAI Press Greenwich, CT
A. Wallace (1970) Culture and Personality Random House New York
M. Weber (1904) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Routledge New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, Y.R., Phan, P.H. The Influences of Economic and Technology Policy on the Dynamics of New Firm Formation. Small Bus Econ 26, 493–503 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-5989-2
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-5989-2