Abstract
Titanium oxide nano-layers were fabricated by a direct electrodeposition method, including Ti as anode and stainless steel as cathode in a non-aqueous media. The applied voltage, electrodeposition time and amount of water in the electrolyte were taken as control parameters to obtain highly stable nano-layers. The prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, ellipsometric spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The fabricated samples showed remarkably high stability and acceptable photocatalytic behavior towards the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB). The best result found for degradation of MB is obtained by nano-layer electrodeposited at 15 V for 30 min. These nano-layers could be reused at least 30 times without any perceptible loss of the photocatalytic activity. The attractive features of this simple process are operational simplicity, decrease of precursors consumption, photocatalytic performance of thin layers without any heat treatment (no annealing is required), and, above all, high stability of thin layers in both static and flowing environments, which make it a useful strategy for the degradation of the pollutants such as MB.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D. Zhao, G. Sheng, C. Chen, X. Wang, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 111–112, 303–308 (2012)
A. Fujishima, T.N. Rao, D.A. Tryk, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev. 1, 1–21 (2000)
K. Nakata, A. Fujishima, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev. 13, 169–189 (2012)
Y. Wang, Y. He, Q. Lai, M. Fan, J. Environ. Sci. (China) 26, 2139–2177 (2014)
H. Dong, G. Zeng, L. Tang, C. Fan, C. Zhang, X. He, Y. He, Water Res. 79, 128–146 (2015)
N.A. Mir, A. Khan, M. Muneer, S. Vijayalakhsmi, Sci. Total Environ. 458–460, 388–398 (2013)
A. Zolfagahri, K. Nasiri Avanaki, H.Z. Jooya, H. Sayahi, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 22, 653–658 (2007)
H. Lee, M.Y. Song, J. Jurng, Y.-K. Park, Powder Technol. 214, 64–68 (2011)
Y.-M. Sung, Energy Procedia 34, 582–588 (2013)
G. Kenanakis, D. Vernardou, A. Dalamagkas, N. Katsarakis, Catal. Today 240, 146–152 (2015)
X. Zhang, J. Yao, D. Li, X. Chen, H. Wang, L.Y. Yeo, J.R. Friend, Mater. Res. Bull. 55, 13–18 (2014)
C.X. Lei, H. Zhou, Z.D. Feng, Y.F. Zhu, R.G. Du, J. Alloys Compd. 513, 552–558 (2012)
S. Karuppuchamy, Y. Andou, T. Endo, Appl. Nanosci. 3, 291–293 (2013)
Y. Sun, M.S. Ata, I. Zhitomirsky, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 369, 395–401 (2012)
M.M. Mohammadi, M. Vossoughi, M. Feilizadeh, D. Rashtchian, S. Moradi, I. Alemzadeh, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 452, 1–8 (2014)
K. Wessels, M. Maekawa, J. Rathousky, T. Yoshida, M. Wark, T. Oekermann, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 111, 55–61 (2008)
E. Tsuji, N. Hirata, Y. Aoki, H. Habazaki, Mater. Lett. 91, 39–41 (2013)
C.-C. Huang, H.-C. Hsu, C.-C. Hu, K.-H. Chang, Y.-F. Lee, Electrochim. Acta 55, 7028–7035 (2010)
K. Kamada, M. Mukai, Y. Matsumoto, Electrochim. Acta 47, 3309–3313 (2002)
Z. Ertekin, U. Tamer, K. Pekmez, Electrochim. Acta 163, 77–81 (2015)
K. Wessels, M. Maekawa, J. Rathousky, T. Oekermann, Thin Solid Films 515, 6497–6500 (2007)
T.F.M. Chang, W.H. Lin, Y.J. Hsu, C.Y. Chen, T. Sato, M. Sone, Electrochem. Commun. 33, 68–71 (2013)
W.-C. Lin, C.-H. Chen, H.-Y. Tang, Y.-C. Hsiao, J.R. Pan, C.-C. Hu, C. Huang, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 140–141, 32–41 (2013)
A. Houas, H. Lachheb, M. Ksibi, E. Elaloui, C. Guillard, J.-M. Herrmann, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 31, 145–157 (2001)
T.-D. Nguyen-Phan, E.W. Shin, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 17, 397–400 (2011)
J. Matos, R. Montaña, E. Rivero, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 784–791 (2015)
Y. Zhu, L. Zhang, L. Wang, Y. Fu, L. Cao, J. Mater. Chem. 11, 1864–1868 (2001)
N. Casillas, S.J. Charlebois, W.H. Smyrl, J. Electrochem. Soc. 140, L142–L145 (1993)
N. Casillas, S. Charlebois, W.H. Smyrl, H.S. White, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141, 636–642 (1994)
S.B. Basame, H.S. White, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147, 1376–1381 (2000)
S.-J. Kim, S.-D. Park, Y.H. Jeong, S. Park, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82, 927–932 (1999)
T. Sugiura, T. Yoshida, H. Minoura, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 1, 175–177 (1999)
S. Hrapovic, B.L. Luan, M. D’Amours, G. Vatankhah, G. Jerkiewicz, Langmuir 17, 3051–3060 (2001)
M. Hamadanian, H. Sayahi, A.R. Zolfaghari, J. Mater. Sci. 47, 5845–5851 (2012)
S.-C. Pang, M.A. Anderson, T.W. Chapman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147, 444–450 (2000)
M. Karimi Sahnesarayi, H. Sarpoolaky, S. Rastegari, Surf. Coat. Technol. 258, 861–870 (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sayahi, H., Mohsenzadeh, F. & Hamadanian, M. Cost-effective fabrication of perdurable electrodeposited TiO2 nano-layers on stainless steel electrodes applicable to photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Res Chem Intermed 45, 4275–4286 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-017-2899-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-017-2899-2