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Supplementary tutoring in Trinidad and Tobago: Some implications for policy making

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Abstract

Globally, private supplementary tutoring is a huge business and the practice is expanding rapidly in many regions of the world where it never existed before. In some of these regions it is posing a novel set of challenges for education planners and policy makers. The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which supplementary tutoring is impacting on the goals of the formal education system in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). The participation rate in supplementary tutoring at primary school level in T&T was found to be high (88.2 per cent at Standard Five level), with the majority of the students being privately tutored by their regular school teachers. Their main motivation for taking private tutoring lessons was to try to secure a place in one of the few elite secondary schools in the country. The authors of this paper admit that there is no quick solution to the problem, especially if it is understood as a part of the process of cultural change. They contend that the key to breaking the elitist tradition lies in modifying public understanding about education and convincing parents and citizens at large that a wide range of options and opportunities exists outside the narrow confines of the old colonial economy and the old colonial schools.

Résumé

Soutien scolaire à Trinité-et-Tobago : quelques implications pour l’élaboration des politiques – Les cours privés de soutien scolaire complémentaire sont devenus de par le monde un immense marché, et cette pratique se répand rapidement dans de nombreuses régions où elle était jusqu’alors inconnue. Elle pose dans certaines d’entre elles une nouvelle série de difficultés aux planificateurs et décideurs en éducation. La présente étude avait pour but d’examiner dans quelle mesure le soutien scolaire complémentaire se répercute sur les objectifs du système d’enseignement formel de Trinité-et-Tobago. Elle a établi que le taux de participation au soutien scolaire pendant la scolarité primaire y est élevé (88,2 pour cent au niveau de la cinquième année), la majorité des élèves recevant des cours particuliers de leurs enseignants réguliers. La principale motivation pour des cours privés de soutien réside dans l’espoir d’obtenir une place dans l’un des rares établissements secondaires d’élite du pays. Les auteurs de l’article admettent qu’il n’existe pas de solution pour résoudre rapidement ce problème, surtout s’il est considéré comme faisant partie du processus de changement culturel. Ils avancent que la clé qui permettra de briser la tradition élitiste consiste à modifier la conception générale de l’éducation, et de convaincre les parents et l’ensemble des citoyens qu’il existe une vaste palette d’options et d’opportunités en dehors des limites étroites de l’ancienne économie coloniale et des anciennes écoles coloniales.

Zusammenfassung

Nachhilfeunterricht in Trinidad und Tobago: Implikationen für die Politik – Nachhilfeunterricht ist in weltweit ein Riesengeschäft und etabliert sich rasant in vielen Regionen, in denen es dergleichen noch nie gegeben hat. In einigen dieser Regionen ergeben sich daraus gänzlich neue Herausforderungen für Bildungsplaner und Politiker. Ziel dieser Studie war, herauszufinden, inwieweit sich Nachhilfeunterricht auf die Ziele des formalen Bildungssystems in Trinidad und Tobago (T&T) auswirkt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass in T&T ein großer Teil der Schülerinnen und Schüler der Primarstufe Nachhilfeunterricht erhielt (88,2 Prozent der Jahrgangsstufe 5), wobei die meisten privaten Nachhilfestunden von den regulären Lehrkräften der Schülerinnen und Schüler erteilt wurden. Die Hauptmotivation, private Nachhilfestunden zu nehmen, war das Bestreben der Schülerinnen und Schüler, sich einen Platz an einer der wenigen Elite-Sekundarschulen des Landes zu sichern. Die Autoren dieses Artikels räumen ein, dass es für dieses Problem keine schnelle Lösung geben kann, vor allem dann nicht, wenn man es als Teil des kulturellen Wandels begreift. Ihre These lautet, dass die elitäre Tradition nur überwunden werden kann, wenn sich das öffentliche Verständnis von Bildung verändert und wenn Eltern sowie Bürgerinnen und Bürger insgesamt davon überzeugt werden können, dass es jenseits der engen Grenzen der alten Kolonialwirtschaft und der alten Kolonialschulen eine große Bandbreite von Chancen und Möglichkeiten gibt.

Resumen

Tutoría suplementaria en Trinidad y Tobago: algunas consecuencias para la elaboración de políticas – A nivel mundial, la tutoría suplementaria privada es un enorme negocio, y esta práctica se está expandiendo rápidamente a muchas regiones donde nunca había existido con anterioridad. Así, en algunas de estas regiones está planteando un novedoso conjunto de retos para los planificadores de la educación y para los responsables de las políticas a seguir. Con este estudio, los autores se proponen analizar hasta qué grado la tutoría suplementaria está impactando en los objetivos del sistema de educación formal en Trinidad y Tobago. La cuota de participación comprobada en la tutoría suplementaria del nivel de enseñanza primaria en Trinidad y Tobago es alta (88,2 por ciento a nivel estándar cinco), y la mayoría de los estudiantes reciben clases privadas por sus profesores regulares de la escuela. La principal motivación para tomar clases tutoriales privadas se debía al deseo de asegurarse un lugar en una de las pocas escuelas secundarias de élite del país. Los autores de este trabajo admiten que no existen soluciones rápidas de este problema, más cuando se lo interpreta como parte del proceso de cambio cultural. Sostienen que la clave para romper con la tradición elitista será cambiar la opinión pública existente sobre la educación y convencer a padres y ciudadanos en general de que existe una amplia gama de opciones y oportunidades, más allá de los estrechos confines de la vieja economía colonial y de las viejas escuelas coloniales.

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Notes

  1. Bray’s policy options are (1) to do nothing; (2) to prohibit private tutoring; (3) to regulate private tutoring; or (4) a combination of regulation and prohibition (Bray 2009).

  2. Janice M. Morse (1991), cited in Lynne E. Houtz (1995), has described this as “a method of obtaining complementary findings that strengthen research and contribute to theory and knowledge development” (Houtz 1995, p. 630).

  3. The 26 secondary schools were chosen to include at least three schools from each of the eight education districts of the country, and also included both older prestige as well as new sector schools. The older prestige schools are those that were built before independence in 1962. New sector schools are those government schools built following the first wave of education reforms in the 1960s after the country obtained independence from Britain.

  4. The term “methodological triangulation” is the label given by Janice M. Morse (1991) to a procedure whereby researchers obtain complimentary findings that strengthen research results.

  5. A theoretical sample is a form of purposive sampling whereby one selects cases of some typicality but leans towards those cases that seem to offer the most opportunity to learn about the phenomenon being investigated.

  6. A convenient sample is the phrase Morse (1991) used to describe what Cresswell (2006) termed theoretical sample.

  7. As we also mention later in this paper, an important feature of the regular T&T state education system is that besides being compulsory for children aged 5 to 16 it is free. Transport, books and meals are also free.

  8. Education for All is a UNESCO initiative, aiming to meet the learning needs of all children, youth and adults by 2015.

  9. By financing a book rental programme, a school breakfast and lunch programme and a limited free transportation programme, the SEMP reform programme also addressed some of the equity issues. The objective was for the “total quality” enhancement of the secondary education system. At the level of rhetoric at least, the intention was to tackle the quality issues head-on.

  10. Vision 2020 is based on the United Nations’ eight Millennium Development Goals, which concern (1) eradication of poverty and hunger; (2) achievement of universal primary education; (3) promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women; (4) reduction of child mortality; (5) improvement of maternal health; (6) combat of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; (7) ensuring environmental stability; and (8) development of a global partnership for development.

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Correspondence to Dorian A. Barrow.

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Barrow, D.A., Lochan, S.N. Supplementary tutoring in Trinidad and Tobago: Some implications for policy making. Int Rev Educ 58, 405–422 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-012-9288-2

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